Presentation_on_SCADA__A brief about SCADA.ppt

A brief about SCADS

1. 1
Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)

2. Table of Contents
Overview of Indian Power System
Introduction to SCADA systems
Communication System
Communication Protocols
SCADA system in Load Despatch Centres
Conventional System and Substation Automation System
Data transfer from Sub-station to Control Centre
Energy Management System
Visualization of Data
Cyber Security
Ergonomically Designed Control Centres
Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS)
Smart Grid Parameters
Regulatory Framework and Policies
2

3. Overview of Indian Power System
* Indian Grid -Rapid Expansion of Indian Grid
Grid in 1980s Grid in 21
st
Century

4. 4
Increase in Transmission voltage
Overview of Indian Power System (contd.)
* Indian Grid -Synchronization

5. 5
1977 1990 2000 2012
Voltage
(kV)
Year
220kV
400kV
500kV
HVDC
765kV
800kV
HVDC
Increase in Transmission voltage
Challenges with high voltage long AC lines
•Reactive Power Management
•Grid Contingencies
Overview of Indian Power System (contd.)
* Indian Grid -Voltage Levels

6. Overview of Indian Power System (contd.)
* Indian Grid -Simpler Networks Earlier
6
-Use of Legacy DA System
-Simpler tools (AC Net Ana)
-Slower response –acceptable
-Accuracy –Ok
-Only overload analysis
-Storage -Limited data
-Small Size Systems
-Simpler Analysis
-Systems not so heavily loaded

7. Overview of Indian Power System (contd.)
* Indian Grid -Complex Networks Now
7
-Faster and reliable data acquisition
-Better Analytical tools (Dyn. Ana.)
-Accuracy –Ok
-Storage –Huge data
-Large and Complex Systems
-Heavily loaded systems
-close to limits
-More complex, fast and accurate analysis
Automation for better EMS operations

8. 8
Distribution
Distribution
applications
Transmission
Generation & Transmission
applications
HV Customer
MV Customers
or MV/LV transformers
EHV Transmission Network
Sub-transmission network
Primary
Distribution Network
Individuals
Overview of Indian Power System (contd.)
* Power system organization

9. Introduction to SCADA Systems
9
S.
No.
Description YearInventors
1
Automatic detecting a change in status at a
remote station and reporting it to a control
centre
1921John B. Harlow
2
Remote control system with “check-before-
operate” technique
1923
John J. Bellamy
Rodney G. Richardson
3
Logging system depicting change in status and
printing it with date and time
1927Harry E. Hersey
Automating the “Monitoring” activityAutomating the “Control” activity
Collect the data from the field Initiating the control command
Convert the data into transmittable form--
Bundle the data into packets
Bundle control command as a data
packet
Transmit the packets of data over the
communication media
Transmit the packet over the
communication media
Receive the data at the control centreReceive the control command at field
Decode the data
Decode the control command at field
device
Display the data
Control action is initiated in field by
appropriate device actuation
Early fore-runners in SCADA
Automation of “Monitoring” and “Control” activities

10. Introduction to SCADA Systems
10
Components of SCADA system
* Remote Terminal Unit (RTU):
-Serves as the eyes, ears and hands of a SCADA system.
-Acquires all the field data from different field devices, process the data and transmit the relevant data to the master station.
-Distributes the control signals received from the master station to the field devices.
-Now-a-days Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) are replacing RTUs.
* Communication System:
-Communication channels employed between the field equipment and the master station.
-The bandwidth of the channel limits the speed of communication.
* Master Station:
-Collection of computers, peripherals, and appropriate input and output (I/O) systems that enable the operators to monitor the
state of the power system (or a process) and control it.
* Human-Machine Interface (HMI):
-Interface required for the interaction between the master station and the operators or users of the system.

11. Introduction to SCADA Systems
Application of SCADA in
various sectors
Industry/ Sector Use of SCADA system and applications
Oil and Gas
Monitoring in oil fields, refineries and pumping
stations
Accessing flow, pressure, temperature, leak, etc. in
pipelines
Water treatment and supply
Monitor and control tank levels
Control of station pump lifting
Monitor and control of chemical processes involved
Buildings Control air-conditioning, heating and ventilation
Steel To achieve more standardized and quality products
Mining
Product flow optimization, material logistics, worker
tracking, security, etc.
SCADA functionsEMS functionsData archiving
functions
Reporting
functions
Visualization with the
help of various displays
illustrating real-time
data
State Estimation
Real-time data
archiving
Accessing data from
Archival system and
real-time database
Animation effects
Real-time
Contingency
Analysis
Trending of data
from Archived files
Putting data in
standard or user-
defined templates
for report making
Real-time trends
Real-time
Security
Enhancement
Extraction of data
from Archival
system for analysis
and reporting
purpose
Features to apply
mathematical
functions in report
Advance Alarm
Management
Automatic
Generation
Control
Storage of data
with user-defined
intervals
Direct e-mail and fax
facility
….. various other
features
….. various other
features
….. various other
features
….. various other
features
Application of SCADA in
Load Despatch Centres

12. Introduction to SCADA Systems
Advantages of SCADA in Power Systems
Advantage Remarks
Increased reliability
As the system can be operated with less severe contingencies
and the outages are addressed quickly
Lower operating costs As there is less personnel involvement due to automation
Faster restoration of power in case
of break-down
As the faults can be detected faster and action taken
Better MW and MVAR
management
As the real-time data is accurately captured and appropriate
action can be taken
Reduced maintenance cost
As the maintenance can be more effectively done (transition
from time-based to condition-based maintenance)
Reduced human influence and
errors
As the values are accessed automatically and the meter
readings and related errors can be avoided
Faster decision making
As the wealth of information is made available to the
operator about the system conditions to assist the operator
in making accurate and appropriate decisions
Optimized system operation
As optimization algorithms can be run and appropriate
performance parameters chosen

13. Introduction to SCADA Systems
13
Power system analog
measurements
Weather related analog
measurements
Voltage (kV) Temperature
Active Power (MW) Humidity
Re-active Power (MVAr) Wind Speed
System Frequency (Hz) Wind Direction
Tap Position (OLTC) Pressure
Angle Measurement (θ) Luminosity
….. various other measurements ….. various other measurements
Power system digital
measurements
Power System events digital
measurements
Circuit Breaker Status (OPEN/CLOSE)Relay contacts
Isolator Status (OPEN/CLOSE) Sequence of Events (SoE)
Tap position (Current Tap in use)
….. various other measurements ….. various other measurements
Analog Measurements from the field
Digital Measurements from the field

14. Communication System (contd.)
14
Data flow Description Illustration of examples
Simplex
One device can transmit data to the other
device but the second device can only receive
data.
Half duplex
Both devices can transmit and receive but not
at the same time.
Full duplex
Both devices can transmit and receive at the
same time.
Data flow in various communication topologies

15. Communication System (contd.)
15
Communication topology Description Illustration
Point to Point
Dedicated communication link connecting two
devices.
Multi-point
Single communication link is shared by more
than two devices.
Bus type
Each node is connected to a single or
redundant bus that carries the message.
If any message is left without being accepted
by any node it is terminated at the end of the
bus.
Ring Type
All the nodes form a ring and messages are
transmitted node to node in one direction.
If a message is not accepted by any node then
it is sent back to the sender and gets
acknowledged.
Star Type
It has a central hub which is connected to
nodes by links.
Mesh type
Each device is connected directly to every
other device in the network.
Communication Topologies

16. Communication System (contd.)
16
Communication
techniques
Description Illustration
Master-slave
One device acts as the master that controls the
communication and the timing.
Slaves cannot communicate with each other
independently.
Peer to peer
Any device can initiate communication with any
other device in the network.
Multi-peer (Broadcast)
An active device sends a message to all other
stations.
Multi-peer (multicast)
An active station sends messages to a group of
devices.
Communication Techniques

17. Communication System (contd.)
17
Components of data
communication system
Description
Message
Containstheinformation(data)tobecommunicated.
Itcouldbevalues,switchpositions,numbers,pictures,sound,videoora
combinationofthese.
Sender
Onewhosendsthemessage.
ItcouldbeRTU,IED,computer,telephone,etc.
Receiver
Towhomthemessageisdestined.
ItcouldbeFEP,CFEmasterstation,etc.
Medium
Physicalpathbywhichamessagetravelsfromsendertoreceiver.
Itcouldbetwistedpairwire,fiber-opticcable,microwave,radio-wave,
etc.
Protocol Itisasetofrulesandconventionsthatgoverndatacommunications.
Components of Data Communication System

18. Communication System (Contd.)
Media of Communication
Type of Media Examples
Guided Media
Twistedpair
Co-axialmetalliccable
Opticalfiber
Powerlinecarriercommunication
Telephonebasedsystems(dial-up,ISDN,etc.)
Un-guided Media
Satellite
Radio (VHF, UHF, etc.)
Microwave
Cell-phone
Paging
Guided (wired) Unguided (wireless)
Utility owned Leased Utility owned Leased
Power line
Dedicated line
Optical fiber
Twisted pair
Co-axial cable
Leased telephone
TV cable
Spread spectrum
radio
MAS radio
Paging system
Cellular phone
Satellite

19. Communication Protocols
Communication Protocols widely used in Power System SCADA
Various communication protocols used in power system SCADA are as follows –
•Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
•Modbus
•IEC 61870-5-101/103/104
•Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
•Inter Control Centre Protocol (ICCP)
•Ethernet
•IEC 61850
•IEEE C37.118 –SynchrophasorStandard

20. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres
* Load Despatch Centres of India -Locations

21. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* Load Despatch Centres of India
NATIONAL LOAD DESPTACH CENTRE
DELHI
WESTERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
MUMBAI
NORTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DEPATCH CENTRE
DELHI
NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH
CENTRE
SHILLONG
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
BANGALORE
EASTERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
KOLKATA

22. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* NLDC connection with other LDCs
22
Merged in existing LDCs
Under Execution

23. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* Load Despatch Centres of India -Locations
S. No. RLDC/SLDC
Present Location After Up-gradation Location
Main Back-up Main Backup
1 NRLDC New Delhi -- New Delhi ERLDC, Kolkata
2 BBMB Chandigarh -- Chandigarh Patiala
3 Delhi New Delhi -- New Delhi Heerapura
4 Haryana Panipat -- Panipat Shimla
5
Himachal
Pradesh
Shimla -- Shimla Panipat
6 J&K Jammu -- Jammu Srinagar
7 Punjab Patiala -- Patiala Chandigarh
8 Rajasthan Jaipur -- Jaipur Delhi
9 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow -- Lucknow Modipuram
10 Uttarakhand Rishikesh -- Dehradun --
11 ERLDC Kolkata -- Kolkata NLDC, New Delhi
12 Bihar Patna -- Patna --
13 DVC Maithon -- Maithon Kolkata
14 Jharkhand Ranchi -- Ranchi --
15 Odisha Bhubaneshwar -- Bhubaneshwar Meramundali
16 Sikkim Gangtok -- Gangtok --
17 West Bengal Howrah -- Howrah Kolkata
18 WRLDC Mumbai -- Mumbai NRLDC, New Delhi
19 Chhattisgarh Raipur -- Raipur Bhilai
20
Dadar & Nagar
Haveli
--
--
Magarwada --

24. NLDC
24
21 Daman & Diu -- -- Silvassa --
22 Goa Panjim -- Madgaon Cuncolim
23 Gujarat Vadodara -- Vadodara Gandhinagar
24 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur -- Jabalpur Bhopal
25 Maharashtra Kalwa
--
Kalwa
Ambajhari (near
Nagpur)
26 SRLDC Bengaluru -- Bengaluru NRLDC, New Delhi
27 Andhra PradeshHyderabad -- Hyderabad Tirupati
28 Karnataka Bengaluru -- Bengaluru Neelamangala
29 Kerala Kalamassari -- Kalamassari Trivendrum
30 Puducherry Puducherry -- Puducherry --
31 Tamil Nadu Chennai -- Chennai Madurai
32 Telangana Hyderabad -- Hyderabad Tirupati
33 NERLDC Shillong -- Shillong Guwahati
34 Assam Kahelipara -- Kahelipara --
35
Arunachal
Pradesh
-- -- Itanagar --
36 Manipur -- -- Imphal --
37 Meghalaya Nehu -- Nehu --
38 Mizoram -- -- Aizawl --
39 Nagaland -- -- Kohima --
40 Tripura Agartala -- Agartala --
S. No. RLDC/SLDC
Present Location After Up-gradation Location
Main Back-up Main Backup
SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* Load Despatch Centres of India –Locations (contd.)

25. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* Hierarchical data transfer
Reporting of RTUs (or SAS)
RTU/SAS Status
Data OwnershipHierarchical forward flow of data
ReportingdirectlytoSubLDC SubLDC
SubLDCSLDCRLDCNLDC
ReportingdirectlytoSLDC SLDC
SLDCRLDCNLDC
ReportingdirectlytoRLDC(orCPCC) RLDC(orCPCC)
RLDCNLDC

26. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* SCADA Architecture
26

27. 27
SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)

28. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* SCADA Server (Data Server or EMS server)
Data Acquisition
DATA PROCESSING (Alarms, Generalized Calculations )
Real-time Calculations
Sequence Of Event Recording
Supervisory Contol
Time Synchronisation
Network Management System
Functions of SCADA /EMS servers

29. NLDC
29
SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
Load Despatch Centres of India –Multivendor Systems

30. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
Load Despatch Centres of India –Multivendor Systems
NLDC
30

31. SCADA System in Load Despatch Centres (contd.)
* Database structure of different Vendors
Network
Company
Geographical Region
Sub Geographical Region
Substation
Voltage Level
Equipment
Measurement
Company
Area
Station
Static Bus
Breaker
Load
Shunt
Generator
Branch
DC Terminal
Transformer
Transmission Line
Sub-station
Device Type
Device
Measurement
Analog
Limit
Alternate Limit
Measurement
Point
Count
Control
NRLDC -Siemens
EMS hierarchy *.
Partial structure would
be used by SCADA
applications.
ERLDC –OSI
EMS and SCADA hierarchy *.
Company
Division
Station
Voltage Level
Unit
Auxiliary Load
Load
Capacitor
SVS
DCCNV
Node
CB Type
CB
Transformer
Winding
Phase Shifter
Line
Line Segment
Zero Impedance Branch
SCADA hierarchy *
EMShierarchy *
WRLDC, SRLDC & NTAMC–GE
* Only important records shown

32. Vendors PowerSystem Data ModelingTools
available
Remarks
GE T&D Database builder (DBB)
e-terraModeler
e-terraSource
DBB is not CIM compliant.
e-terraModeleris CIM compliant
but no longer supported by Alstom
in future projects.
e-terraSourceis CIM (version 10)
compliant.
Siemens Information Model Management tool CIM (version 12) compliant.
OSI OSI Monarch data modelingtool CIM (version 12) compliant.
General ElectricVisual editor with DMTP tool Not CIM compliant.
Data Modeling tools and Common Information Model (CIM) compliance

33. SCADA Tag Names˜
Smnhl_pg/Bus/4B1/KV
Smnhl_pg/BIS/40789A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/40752/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/40889A/STTS
GE
T&D
Smnhl_pg/IS/40789L/STTS
Smnhl_pg/Bus/4B1/HZ
Smnhl_pg/Bus/4B2/KV
Smnhl_pg/Bus/4B2/HZ
Smnhl_pg/IS/40789B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/40989A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/40952/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/40989B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/40852/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/40889B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/LIS/40989L/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/41089A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41052/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41189A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41089B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/41289A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41252/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41289B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41152/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41189B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/41389A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41352/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41489A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41389B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/41589A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41552/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41589B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41452/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41489B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/41689A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41652/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41789A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41689B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/BIS/41889A/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41852/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41889B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/CB/41752/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41789B/STTS
Smnhl_pg/LIS/41289L/STTS Smnhl_pg/IS/41589T/STTS Smnhl_pg/IS/41889R/STTS
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Smnhl_Tirun1
/MW
Smnhl_pg/LIS/41089L/STTS Smnhl_pg/LIS/41389L/STTS Smnhl_pg/LIS/41689L/STTS
Smnhl_pg/IS/41689R/STTS
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Smnhl_Tirun1
/MVAR
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Rgdmc_Smnhl1
/MW
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Rgdmc_Smnhl1
/MVAR
Smnhl_pg/ZBR/4_Smnhl_Tirun2
/MW
Smnhl_pg/ZBR/4_Smnhl_Tirun2
/MVAR
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Hosur_Smnhl2/
MW
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Hosur_Smnhl2/
MVAR
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Hosur_Smnhl1/
MW
Smnhl_pg/Line/4_Hosur_Smnhl1/
MVAR
Smnhl_pg/XFMR_P/42_ICT1/
MW
Smnhl_pg/XFMR_P/42_ICT1/
MVAR
Smnhl_pg/XFMR_P/42_ICT1/
OLTC
Smnhl_pg/Unit/0_G1/MW
Smnhl_pg/Unit/0_G1/MVAR
Smnhl_pg/RE/4_16_LR_Tirun2/MVAR
Smnhl_pg/RE/4_18_BR/MVAR

34. Data transfer from sub-station to control Centre
* Data flow from RTU to RLDC passed to NLDC
Current
Transformer
Voltage
Transformer
Digital
Status
Transducer
(output of 4-20
mA generally)
Contact
Multiplier
Relay
(CMR)
Remote
Terminal Unit/
Intelligent
Electronic
Devices
(RTU/IED)
Communication
Front end/
Information Front
End
(CFE/ IFS)
ICCP servers
RLDCs SCADA
National Load Despatch Centre
NLDC
ICCP servers at
NLDC
SCADA
EMS applications
* State Estimation
* Real-time contingency
analysis
* Offline studies using base-
case from state Estimation
Sub-station level RLDC level
NLDC level
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
910
Communication
Channel
Communication Channel
Data flow from RTU to RLDC passed to NLDC
In case of IEC 61850 based automated station –
•Transducer and CMR is replaced by Merging Unit device.
•RTU is replaced by Gateway device.

35. Data transfer from sub-station to control Centre (contd.)
* Data flow from SAS to RLDC passed to NLDC
35
Current
Transformer
Voltage
Transformer
Digital
Status
Intelligent
Electronic
Devices
(IEDs)
Communication
Front end/
Information
Front End
(CFE/ IFS)
ICCP servers
RLDCs
SCADA
Process Bus (LAN)
Communication
Channel
Data flow from IEC 61850 based
automated substation to RLDC
Station Bus (LAN)
Gateway
Other
Control
Centres
Terminal
Server
Station level
Control Centre level
Communication
Channel

36. Visualization of Data
* Visualization -Tabular Presentation

37. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Visualization -Tabular Presentation

38. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Visualization -Tabular Presentation -Substation

39. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Single Line Diagram/Bus Diagram
Single line diagrams
interconnecting nodes (busses)
Gives macro view of the system
Flow at both ends of lines with indication for direction of flow
Color coded
Firm / Dotted lines for in-service / out-of-service lines
Weather Data (Temperature, RH)
Reactor Data
Drill Downs
Bus Diagrams
Physical layout of the equipment in the substation –Busses,
transmission lines, transformers, generators, reactors, CBs, ISO
Identify flows into and out of the station bus (magnitude & direction)
Color coded

40. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Single Line Diagram

41. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Bus Diagram

42. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Multi-Layer Arrangement
Large amount of
information
De-Cluttering of view port
Different views at different
clutter levels
Layered displays
Different layers for
MW, MVAR
remote end values
voltages
line lengths
different voltage level
networks
Bus summations
Reduced view port
navigation

43. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Graphical Views Trends / Bar charts / Pie Charts

44. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Comparison Trends

45. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Geographical Displays -DELHI

46. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Animations of MW and MVAR Flows
MW and MVAR flow animations
are associated with
transmission lines on both
System Overview and Regional
Schematic displays.
Arrows are used to animate
flows. The size of the arrows
represents the magnitude of the
flow and the direction of the
arrow represents the direction
or sign of the flow.
Different colored arrows
represent MW and MVAR flows.
The colors corresponding with
the arrows can be selected in
the animation options dialog
box.

47. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Animation
Varying thickness of transmission line depending
on line loading
Other methods
Use of animated arrows
Size and speed of flow of arrows (not used in India)

48. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Alarms & Exception Lists
Identification of anomalous conditions
Audio

49. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Offline Data Archival
Tools available in the SCADA
HDR –10 second data
ISR –five/Fifteen minute data
Trends
Others
HABConnect
HABAccess
Exporting five minute data to Excel for MIS

50. Visualization of Data (contd.)
* Reconstruction of Past Events (from HDR Data)

51. Cyber Security
* Measures taken to mitigate Cyber Attacks on critical Infrastructure
1.SCADAnetworkisisolatedfromofficenetworkandofficeInternet.
2.TheSCADAnetworkisbeingmonitoredthroughIntrusionDetection
Systemforanyinternalorexternalintrusion.
3.DuallevelfirewallhasbeenusedinSCADAsystemwhichactsas
gatekeepertotheSCADAandwardoffallunwantedintrusiontoSCADA.

52. 1.Dedicatedcommunicationnetworkisbeingusedfordata
collectionanddeliveryamongvariouspointsoftheGrid.
2.Mostofthetransmissionlinefeedersandtransformersarebeing
operatedlocallywithoutconnectingtoacentralcontrolroomor
aninternetnetworktherebynotaccessibleforcyberattacks.
3.Theabovemeasuresarebeingmonitored/reviewedregularly
andremedialactionsaretaken.
4.CyberSecuritytest(penetrationtestandvenerabilitytestare
beinggotdonefromoutsideagencyandsuggestionshavebeen
implemented.
Cyber Security (contd.)
* Measures taken to mitigate Cyber Attacks on critical Infrastructure

53. 53
Thank you !!