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1. HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY College of Natural and Computational Science School of Biological Science and Biotechnology Biology Program A Review on: soil and water conservation in Ethiopia Senior Research Project (Biol.3102)   By : Derartu Abata Id No: 1869/11 Advisor: Tensay G. (M.sc) October 20, 2021 Haramaya , Ethiopia

2. 1. Introduction The Ethiopian dry lands in general and the agriculture sector in particular, have been identified as vulnerable to climate variability and land degradation . Although indigenous soil conservation techniques have been applied for centuries in Ethiopia Other studies have also reported on the economic aspects of SWC interventions

3. 2. Soil and Water Conservation Practice in Ethiopia Crop slop barriers: The term “crop slop barriers” embrace the whole range of the terraces, ditches, drains and banks used to manage runoff water on sloppy lands Stone bands: Stone bands are quite common in dry zone . They are relatively easy to construct during the dry season . Bench terraces: bench terraces are widely used in Ethiopia. It is applied in Asia and spread throughout Africa, western America and eastern Africa

4. 2.1. The Impact of Soil Erosion in Ethiopia Soil erosion is one of the most important problems in Ethiopia among the various form of land degradation that possess various challenges to food security of the country and future development prospect of the country The phenomena in the country is not new. It is direct consequences of the past and present agricultural practices in the high lands

5. 2.2. Biological Soil and Water Conservation Practices in Ethiopia. Vegetative strip is a plant with grasses, shrubs and runs across the slope, slow down the water following down the slope and catches sediments that have been eroded up the hills . The principal crops in ratio may have the soil unprotected at a times . Cover crops must be fast growing so that, it can be established after harvest but before winter.

6. 2.3 Soil Erosion Controlling Methods. Soil nutrients and micro-organisms are found at a top soil mass which is called top soil . Top soil is the productive and most vital part of soil which is necessary for healthy plant growth under natural circumstance Accelerated erosion reduces the amount of plant growth since soil is unable to support it. Therefore , soil erosion controlling measure should be primary objectives to protect environment and to increase productivity and crop yield in agriculture

7. 2.4 Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Practices. The term “adoption” accepting full ideas as a best practice The adoption process is decision making process in which an individual possess from hearing about an innovation. Different studies showed that the farmers' adoption of conservation measures will defined in different way that are fare from uniform,

8. 2.5 Factors Affecting Adoption of Soil and Conservation Practices. 2.5.1 Personal Factors Perception of a soil erosion problem: Most adoption begins with perception that there is problem to resolve Pasture rotation to control soil erosion. Education is an influential factor in the adoption of practices that is used to conserve soil and water, in a given area.

9. 2.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors Adoption conservation practices can be expensive and risky . As physical conservation practices imposed higher costs in term of land they put out of production Different studies indicated that in Ethiopia conservation practices take out cultivation increases rapidly with increasing slope 10-2090m to cultivation land embankment and land take out cultivation increase rapidly with increasing slope

10. 2.6. Economic use of soil resources Water, land and other natural resources are the basis for humans to generate income and produce consumable goods and services Causes of soil degradation; Soil erosion is a two-phase process consisting of the detachment of individual particles from the soil mass and their transport by erosive agents, such as water and wind. When sufficient energy is no longer available to transport the particles a third phase, deposition, occurs

11. 2.7. Soil conservation Soil conservation is the only known way to protect the productive land Conservation of soil resource is a significant socio environmental issue that affects the well-being of people in every country in the world.

12. 2.8 Biological Soil Conservation Conservation Tillage This umbrella term can include reduced tillage, minimum tillage, no-till, direct drill, mulch tillage, stubble-mulch farming, trash farming, strip tillage, plough-plant The principles are equally effective in any conditions - to maximize cover by returning crop residues and not inverting the top soil

13. Deep Tillage The available moisture will be increased if the rooting depth is increased and it has been shown that in some cases deep tillage have significant role in soil conservation Conservation Farming Like conservation tillage, this title covers many different farming techniques.

14. 3. Conclusion Soil erosion still remains a significant problem in large parts of Ethiopia The few tested SWC measures were found to be more effective in runoff and erosion reduction in semi-arid areas than in humid areas. To expand and sustain SWC programs, attracting benefits from carbon markets shall be explored. More over clear institutional arrangement and coordination between the extension and research efforts for appropriate land management efforts is lacking.

15. Acknowledgements I would like to extend our deepest thanks to. Tensay G. (Msc ) for his Support and advice