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1. CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2. What is Review of Related Literature (RRL)? ► A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study. ► A literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.

► A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials.

3. WHAT MAY BE INCLUDED IN THE RRL? 1. Background information about the problem and related concepts.

2. Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the possible connection between certain factors and the problem. 3. Data that confirms the existence and seriousness of the problem 4. General and specific findings of studies related to the problem 5. Recommendations for further study given in related studies

4. PURPOSE OF RRL: 1. To obtain background knowledge of your research

2. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world

3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge

4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies

5. 5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your research

6. To explain technical terms involved in your resear study

7. To highlight the significance of your work with the of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of research

8. To avoid repeating previous research studies

9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic.

6. THREE BASIC TYPES OF LITERATURE SOURCES The term sources refer to print, electronic or visual material necessary for your research. Sources are classified into primary, secondary and tertiary. Examples of primary sources: Letters/correspondence, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, official or research reports, patents and designs and empirical research articles. Examples of secondary sources: Academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books, documentaries Examples of tertiary sources: Encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, atlas

7. You should always cite other people’s words, ideas, other intellectual property that you use in your pap that influence your ideas. This includes but is not limited to: 1. books
2. journal articles
3. web pages
4. reports
5. data
6. statistics
7. speeches
8. lectures
9. personal interview

8. The following are the terms used to express your appreciation for or recognition of people’s ownership barrowed ideas: 1. Acknowledgement – the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed some for the production of the paper

2. References or Bibliography a complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from.

3. Citation or In-text Citation references within the main body of the text, specifically in RRL.

9. STEPS IN WRITING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

10. 1. Review the precise definition of the research problem. Note the key variables specified in the study objectives and hypothesis.

11. 3. Using indexes of general references, search for relevant primary and secondary sources guided by the search terms.

12. 2. Formulate “search terms” (key words or phrases)
Problem: Adolescents’ Perceptions on the Effect of Punishment on Self-Esteem and Academic Performance” Search term: “punishment and learning”, “self-esteem and performance

13. List in a note of index card the bibliographical data of the pertinent information selected as follows: A. author
b. title
c. name of publication
d. date of publication (include place and date)
e. pages of the article

14. PURPOSES OF CITATION

15. 1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know the field.

2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claim conclusions and arguments

3. To prove your broad and extensive reading for authentic and relevant materials about your topic

16. 4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily

5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work

6. To save your self from plagiarism

17. PATTERNS OF CITATION 1. Summary the citation in this case shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language

2. Paraphrase this is the antithesis οf the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.

18. 3. Short Direct Quotation only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or se sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what y can quote or repeat in writing through this cit patterns. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you g the number of the page where the readers ca the copied words.

Example:
Contexts is influenced by these four factors: “language, culture, institutions, and ideologies.” ( Arandia , 2015,p8)

19. 4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract named in many ways, this citation patterns makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words. Under APA (American Psychological Association), the limit is eight lines.

20. 5. Tense of Verbs for reporting
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting author’s ideas. EXAMPLES:
Present tense Marcos explains…
Past Tense – Marcos explained…
Present perfect tense Marcos has explained

21. HOW TO CITE IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

22. A. WORK BY ONE AUTHOR
►If you use the author’s name as part of your sentences, place only the date of publication in parentheses

Example: Amante (2001) mentioned the role of the family in his article

23. ► If you give both date and author in your sentences, you do not need a citation.

Example:
In a 2001 study at EARIST, Sabas addressed this problem.

► If you give neither in your sentence, you must give both in parentheses.

Example:
According to Pena et al. (2010)…… (Pena et al., 2010) showed…….

24. B. WORK BY TWO AUTHORS

►Give the names of both authors every time the work cited.

Example: Carino and Sonio (2007) mentioned that……

25. C . WORK BY THREE, FOUR, OR FIVE AUTHORS

Give the names of all authors the first time that work is When the names are given in parentheses, use an ampersand instead of and.

►In later citations, give only the name of the first author followed by et al.

Example:
According to Cabrera, Bandoy , Soriano, and Masilang (2009)…
Recent research (Cabrera, Bandoy , Soriano, & Masilang , 2009) has shown…….
The researchers (Cabrera et al., 2009) further hypothesized……

26. D. WORK BY SIX OR MORE AUTHOF

►Give only the last name of the first author followed by al.

Example:
Pena et al. (2010) Mentioned……… According to Pena et al. (2010)………
Vidal et al (2010) concluded that working in a library is the best job a student can have.

27. E. WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR:

For an in-text citation for a source with no identified author, your in-text citation will include the first part of your reference, usually the title.

When research is completed in a timely manner, student grades are better (“How to Succeed”, 2010)

28. F. CORPORATE AUTHOR

► Write the acronym. In subsequent in-text citations, use the acronym only.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2007), high cholesterol levels are affecting children as well as adults.

In addition, NIMH (2007) also published the result of their study to raise awareness to the community.

29. G. LEGAL DOCUMENTS

►Give the name of the act and year.

Example:
Higher Education Act (1994)

30. QUIZ

31. 1. Sources that directly report or present a person’s own experiences.

A. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
C. General Sources
d. Tertiary Sources

32. 2. The process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstract and other reference materials.

A. Citation
b. Sources
c. review of related literature
d. Acknowledgement

33. 3. The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contribute something for the production of the paper

a. Citation
b. Sources
c. review of related literature
d. Acknowledgement

34. 4. Sources that report or describe other people’s experiences or worldviews.

A. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
c. General Sources
d. Tertiary Sources

35. 5. An oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.

A. Citation
b. Synthesis
c. Literature
d. Sources

36. 6. A complete list of all reading materials including books, journals, periodicals, etc from where the borrowed ideas came from.

a. References
b. Acknowledgement
c. Citation
d. Sources

37. 7. The citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language.

A. Paraphrase
b. References
c. Summary
d. Quotation

38. 8. It is an act of quoting or copying the ex words of the writer and passing words off as your own words.

A. Paraphrase
b. References
c. Plagiarism
d. Quotation

39. 9. It is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study.

A. literature review
b. References
c. Sources
d. Citation

40. 10. Which of the following may be include in Review of Related Literature?

A. Background information about the problem and related concepts.
B. General and specific findings of studies related to the problem
c. Recommendations for further study given in related studies
d. All of the above