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Biodiesel from waste cooking oil

1. Final Project Presentation by Student Name Roll No DIBYAJYOTI DUTTA 210810002011 DEBASHISH SAIKIA 200810002019 SUBHAM KUMAR TIWARI 210810002043 MOUN KEN CHAKHAP 210810002030 Under the Supervision of Mrs. Puja Koch Department of Mechanical Engineering Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat “Production of an environmental friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional diesel” 1

2. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat TABLE OF CONTENT Project presentation Introduction Objective Reason to choose the topic Review of literature Research Gap Methodology Process of Biodiesel production Tests Performed Factors affecting biodiesel production Result Future scope Conclusion 2

3. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat INTRODUCTION Project presentation Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats. Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is a waste product and hence utilizing it for biodiesel production is a sustainable solution to waste management. WCO is an inexpensive and readily available feedstock, making biodiesel production more cost-effective. 3 1

4. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation OBJECTIVE 4 Analyze the suitability of waste cooking oil as feedstocks for biodiesel production, considering their availability, cost, and environmental impact. Analyze the biodiesel production techniques, including transesterification and potential pre-treatment methods, with a focus on optimizing yield and quality. To perform tests and analysis to ensure the process of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is effective and fuel meets quality standards. 2

5. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation REASON TO CHOOSE THE TOPIC WCO is a waste product and hence utilizing it for biodiesel production is a sustainable solution to waste management. Biodiesel from WCO is an alternative to fossil fuels, thereby reducing depletion of petroleum reserves. WCO is an inexpensive and readily available feedstock, making biodiesel production more cost-effective. Biodiesel burns cleaner than fossil diesel, reducing emissions of harmful pollutants. 5 3

6. 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

7. 7 Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

8. 8 Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation RESEARCH GAP 5 Standardized collection and processing methods are needed to ensure consistent feedstocks. Development of environmental friendly, cost-effective and pretreatment methods for FFA reduction. Advanced heterogeneous or enzymatic catalysts with high efficiency and reusability are underexplored. Investigation for process parameters for maximizing yielding and minimizing biproduct is needed.

9. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation METHODOLOGY 9 Review of Literature Feedstock collection Pre-treatment of feedstock Transesterification Process Seperation Choose renewable and sustainable feedstocks such as Waste Cooking Oil Quality Testing Remove impurities like water, solid particles, and free fatty acids. React feedstock oil/fat with an alcohol (methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst Allow the mixture to settle in a settling tank and separate the biodiesel layer from glycerol (by-product) Test properties such as: Viscosity, Density, acid content, methanol content etc 6 Esterification Process Mix the oil with methanol and small amount of acid catalyst such as H 2 SO 4 , reducing FFA content.

10. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 10 Collection and pre-treatment process: Collection of waste cooking oil from sources such as restaurants, homes, food industries etc. Remove solid particles, food residues and other impurities using fine filters. Heat the oil to remove any water content, as water can interfare with the reaction. 7

11. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 11 Fatty Acid Test : 7 Oil sample Ethanol (neutralized alcohol) 0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution Phenolphthalein indicator The Requirements for fatty acid test are as follows: Conical flask Burette, pipette, and measuring cylinder Weighing balance Water bath or heating source WCO contains high Free Fatty acid content. High FFA content results in low yield of biodiesel and interfere with transesterification reaction.

12. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 12 The determination of acid value & free fatty acids include the following test: Chemical preparation: Phenolphthalein indicator solution preparation- mixed few drops of phenolphthalein indicator into 100 ml of ethanol and mixed well by shaking. 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution preparation: dissolve 4g sodium hydroxide pellets into 900 mL of distilled water, cool and make a final volume of 1000ml. S tandardize the solution before use. 7

13. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 13 Sample preparation: 20 ml of oil is taken for test and mixed with 50 ml ethanol. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution is mixed ethanol and titrated with 0.1 NAOH and shake until the pink colour is obtained. Now the solution is mixed the sample and heated until the solution is completely mixed. 7

14. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 14 7 0.1 NAOH in taken in a burette and the initial reading is taken and the titration is done by adding few drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Following observations were obtain: Titration: Sample weight = 20 mg Normality of NaOH (N) = 1.0 Initial burette reading = 11.0 mL Final burette reading = 9.1 mL Molecular weight of NaOH = 40.0 g/mol

15. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 15 7 Calculations: Volume of NaOH used: Volume used = Initial reading - Final reading = 11.0 - 9.1 = 1.9 mL Acid value = = = = 3.8 mg KOH/g oil FFA = = = 1.9 %  

16. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 16 Esterification Process: Mix the oil with methanol and small amount of acid catalyst such as H 2 SO 4 Heat the mixture (around 50-60°C) to convert free fatty acid (FFA) into fatty acid methyl esters, reducing FFA content. 7

17. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 17 Transesterification Process: Mix the alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and catalyst (KOH or NaOH) to create methoxide. Add methoxide to the heated oil ( about 50-60°C) Stir the mixture for 1-2 hours to allow the reaction to occur. Triglycerides in the oil react with ethanol to produce biodiesel (methyl esters) and glycerol. 7

18. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 18 Seperation process: After the reaction, allow the mixture to settle for a few hours. Two layers will form: upper layer is biodiesel and lower layer is glycerol. 7

19. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 19 Density Test of biodiesel and oil: For waste cooking oil: Mass of WCO and beaker = 190.093 gm Mass of beaker = 97.019 gm Mass of WCO= 190.093 – 97.019 = 93.074 gm Volume of WCO= 100 ml Density of waste cooking oil = = = 0.93074 gm/ml   8

20. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 20 8 For Biodiesel: Mass of biodiesel = 4.478 gm Volume of biodiesel = 5ml Density of biodiesel = = = 0.8956 gm/ml   Thus, the Density of Biodiesel was obtained as 0.8956 gm/ml And density of Waste Cooking oil was obtained as 0.93074 gm/ml

21. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 21 8 Viscosity test of biodiesel: The procedure of viscosity test of biodiesel is as follows: Fill the cylinder with biodiesel. Insert the tube vertically, ensuring it's completely filled and opened at the bottom. Place a mark or use a known volume for oil to flow through. Allow the oil to begin flowing through the tube naturally under gravity. Start the stopwatch as the oil begins to flow past your upper mark. Stop the timer when oil reaches the lower mark or the volume is fully drained.

22. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 22 8 Kinematic Viscosity Formula is : ν   Where: ν = kinematic viscosity r = radius of tube h = height of oil column g = acceleration due to gravity V = volume of oil that flowed through tube

23. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 23 Height of the oil column = 150 mm Radius of the tube = 1.5 mm Time of flow = 0.44 sec Volume of the oil: V = π r² h = 3.14 × 1.5² × 15 = 1059.75 mm 3 Kinematic viscosity: = = 1.296 mm²/sec   Thus, the kinematic viscosity of the biodiesel was found to be 1.296 mm 2 /sec. 8

24. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 24 Acid Content Test: Acid test of biodiesel using pH paper is a simple way to check the presence of free fatty acids (FFA) or residual acidic impurities in biodiesel Procedure for testing acid content is as follows: Prepare the Sample: Take a small volume of biodiesel in a clean container. Dip pH Paper: Take a small piece of pH paper and dip it into the biodiesel. Read the pH: Observe the color change of the pH paper. Compare it to the color chart provided with the pH paper to determine the approximate pH. 8

25. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 25 8 Neutral (pH ~7): Indicates little or no residual acid, good quality biodiesel. Acidic (pH < 7): Indicates the presence of free fatty acids or residual acidic impurities. Lower pH means higher acidity, which can lead to corrosion and engine problems. Results that can be obtain are as follows: In the experiment, pH value was found to be 7. Hence, this indicates that there is little or no residual acid thereby resulting in good quality biodiesel.

26. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 26 8 Metha nol Content Test: The 3/27 methanol test is a quick and simple method used to test the purity of biodiesel, and is particularly used to check the presence of unreacted oils, fats, or soaps. In this test, 3 mL of biodiesel is added to 27 mL of methanol and hence it is called 3/27 methanol test. Procedure of the test are as follows: In a clear glass jar or test tube, add 9 mL of methanol. Add 1 mL of the biodiesel sample. Shake the container thoroughly for 30–60 seconds. Allow the mixture to sit undisturbed for about 15–30 minutes.

27. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 27 8 Clear solution (single phase): If the solution is clear, it indicates good conversion; which means biodiesel is mostly pure i.e FAME is fully soluble in methanol. Separation (two layers or sediment): This Indicates the presence of unreacted triglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, or soaps, hence resulting in incomplete transesterification. The Results of the test can be as follows:

28. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation TESTS PERFORMED 28 8 Since, no seperate layer of methanol and biodiesel is formed, this indicates the absence of unreacted triglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, or soaps, thereby resulting in better biodiesel production. The Limitations of the test is that: 3/27 Methanol test is a qualitative test and not a quantitative test. This test doesn’t indicate the exact concentration of impurities.

29. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation FACTORS AFFECTING BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 29 9 Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Content: High FFA levels can lead to soap formation during base-catalyzed transesterification, reducing yield. Feedstock Quality: A higher alcohol-to-oil ratio (typically 6:1) can increase yield but too much can complicate separation and recovery processes. Alcohol Type and Ratio: Base Catalysts (e.g., NaOH, KOH): Common, fast, but sensitive to FFAs. Acid Catalysts (e.g., H₂SO₄): Suitable for high-FFA oils but slower. Enzymes (Lipases): Environmentally friendly, but expensive and slower. Catalyst Type

30. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation FACTORS AFFECTING BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 30 9 Temperature: Typically 50–60°C. Higher temperatures can speed up the reaction but may increase side reactions. Reaction Time: Generally 1–2 hours. Too long may not improve yield significantly and may lead to degradation. Mixing Intensity: Adequate stirring is needed to ensure proper contact between oil and alcohol. Reaction Conditions

31. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation RESULTS 31 10 The result of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) includes the following: Biodiesel: The main product, Biodiesel is produced through transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Methanol in the presence of a catalyst, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Glycerol: Glycerol is produced as a major by-product during transesterification process. The properties of the biodiesel produced from WCO are as follows: Density of Biodiesel was obtained as 0.8956 gm/ml Kinematic viscosity of the biodiesel was found to be 1.296 mm 2 /sec pH value was found to be 7 No seperate layer of methanol and biodiesel is formed during 3/27 Methanol test

32. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation FUTURE SCOPE 32 11 Improved transesterification processes. Improved catalysts for higher yield and lower costs. Determination of properties of Biodiesel such as cetane number and flash point.

33. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation CONCLUSION 33 12 The study conclusively establishes the fact that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils (WCO) is not only a feasible but also a sustainable and economical alternative to conventional diesel. It describes an optimized transesterification and esterification process in which important performance parameters of this bio diesel have been evaluated. Further advancements in catalyst development, process optimization, and waste collection systems are essential to scale up biodiesel production.

34. Department of Mechanical Engineering JIST, Jorhat Project presentation BIBLIOGRAPHY 34 R. M. Mohamed, High operative heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum,2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2019.11.002 Digambar Singh, A comprehensive review of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and its use as fuel in compression ignition engines: 3rd generation cleaner feedstock, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India, 202 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127299 Chuangbin Chen, Sustainability and challenges in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An advanced bibliometric analysis, Tokyo, Japan, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.084 Zahira Yaakob, Overview of the production of biodiesel from Waste cooking oil, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM Bangi, Malaysia, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.016