Presentation1.pptx all about fire protection systems

Lessons and discussions

1. What is Active Fire Protection (AFP)? An active fire protection system (AFP) requires an action to detect, respond to, contain, or suppress a fire.  Many people falsely believe that only manual actions, such as dousing flames with a fire extinguisher, count as active fire protection. However, active fire protection systems merely require an action—whether manual or automated.  AFP incorporates fire detection and fire suppression systems.

2. Smoke Detectors Smoke detectors use noise and light alarms to alert occupants of smoke, enabling an early evacuation and response to fires. Sprinkler Systems Sprinkler systems automatically activate when heat from a fire causes its mechanism to break, spraying water to suppress the fire.

3. Fire Extinguishers M anual form of active fire protection. A person must locate the extinguisher and spray the small fire with a substance that cools the burning item or deprives it of oxygen. Fire Hydrants Fire hydrants are a connection point for firefighters to access water to combat fires using their hoses and other professional equipment.

4. What is Passive Fire Protection (PFP)? Protect a building against fire without needing a specific operational action. The key elements of passive fire protection systems are fire-resistant walls, heavy-duty fire doors, and fire-resistant glass. Other assets can sometimes be passively protected through spray-applied fireproofing. These systems safeguard buildings by ensuring fires burn out quickly due to insufficient fuel. Passive fire protection measures like fire doors also play a crucial role in plotting a fire’s route through a building, giving fire crews a better chance of putting it out quickly, and people evacuating safely. 

5. Fire Doors S pecifically designed and built to slow the spread of fire between rooms or spaces of a building. They are self-closing, made of fire-resistant materials, and have seals that expand when exposed to heat, creating a tight barrier against flames and smoke. Fire and Smoke Dampers Fire and smoke dampers are installed in HVAC systems and ductwork to prevent fire and smoke from spreading through these pathways. They automatically close when triggered, sealing off sections of the building’s ducting to contain the fire and protect occupants.

6. Fire-Resistant Glass Fire-resistant glass is often used in doors and windows and is engineered to maintain hold during a fire. It can withstand high temperatures for long periods and prevents the spread of flames and smoke while allowing some visibility for safe evacuation. Photoluminescent Exit Lights Photoluminescent exit lights are non-electrical safety signs that absorb and store energy from other light sources. During power failures or in smoke-filled rooms, they glow to provide a clear and bright guide toward the exit and escape routes.

7. Alarm System A fire alarm system is intended to enable a fire to be detected at a sufficiently early stage so that people who are at risk can be made safe either by escaping from the fire, or by the fire being extinguished (also to prevent extensive property damage). Neither of these measures can be used until people are made aware of fire. The effectiveness of the fire detection and alarm system depends on the stage of the fire at which it is operated. In order for all the occupants to escape without too much difficulty, an early alarm should operate before the escape routes becomes smokelogged to such an extent as will cause occupants to have difficulty finding their way out of the building.

8. FIRE ALARM COMPONENTS A typical fire alarm system consists of a control unit, manually activated signaling boxes (pull boxes), fire detectors and audible alarm devices. There may also be visual signal devices to warn the hearing-impaired, annunciators to indicate the origin of the alarm signal, and emergency telephones and other equipment for communication between the central control panel and other parts of the building (refer figure below).

9. FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL (FACP) The control panel is the "brain" of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible for monitoring the various alarm "input" devices such as manual and automatic detection components, and then activating alarm "output" devices such as horns, bells, warning lights, emergency telephone dialers, and building controls. Control panels may range from simple units with a single input and output zone, to complex computer driven systems that monitor several buildings over an entire facility.

10. FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL (FACP) Conventional or "point wired" fire detection and alarm systems. 2. Addressable or "intelligent" systems

11. INITIATING DEVICES SMOKE DETECTORS As the name implies, these devices are designed to identify a fire while in its smoldering or early flame stages. Smoke detectors operate on either an ionization or photoelectric principle, with each type having advantages in different applications.

12. INITIATING DEVICES Photoelectric Detectors: Photoelectric smoke detectors use light and how it is reflected to detect smoke. Normally light is projected into a smoke sensing chamber inside the detector assembly. The light hits a black background of the chamber and is absorbed. When enough smoke enters the chamber it reflects the light on to a sensor inside the chamber. This causes the sensor to indicate an alarm. Photoelectric detectors are suitable for most applications giving the fastest response to slow burning fires - the most common start to fire events. Use of photoelectric detectors is highly recommended to provide coverage for escape routes due to their superior ability to detect optically dense smoke that would easily obstruct the use of escape routes.

13. Ionization Detectors: Ionization detectors were the first type of detector to be commercially developed and are also a popular choice. These generally contain two chambers. One is used as a reference to compensate for changes in ambient temperature, humidity or pressure. The second contains a radioactive source, usually alpha particle, which ionizes the air passing through the chamber where a current flows between two electrodes. When even invisible smoke enters the chamber and it disrupts the flow of current and generates an alarm. They have superior response to fast burning fires but an inferior response to slow smoldering fires, which are typical with modern construction materials. Ionization detectors are also less acceptable from an environmental point of view due to the radioactive material that they contain. There is increasing restriction on the transportation and disposal of ionization detectors so it is recommended that alternative types are used where possible.

14. BEAM DETECTORS This detector consists of two components, a light transmitter and a receiver, that are mounted at some distance (up to 300 ft/100m) apart. As smoke migrates between the two components, the transmitted light beam becomes obstructed, and the receiver is no longer able to see the full beam intensity. This is interpreted as a smoke condition, and the alarm activation signal is transmitted to the fire alarm panel.

15. ASPIRATING SYSTEMS (VESDA) Air aspirating detectors are extremely sensitive and are typically the fastest responding automatic detection method. This type of system aspirates the smoke from various locations into a tube where the smoke is analyzed electro-optically by a line of sight transmitter-receiver set.

16. FLAME DETECTORS The Optical detector is an electronic device containing electro-optical sensors that are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in the UV, VIS, IR spectral bands. The Optical detector "sees" the fire by detecting the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the combustion products. They are line of sight devices that operate on either an infrared, ultraviolet or combination principle

17. Suppression Equipment Fire suppression is the act of reducing the impact of a fire that has already started by keeping it contained to a certain area and extinguishing it. From the moment of discovery until the fire is entirely put out, all efforts and actions related to controlling and extinguishing it are considered to be part of fire suppression. With  fire suppression  measures in place, firefighters are able to confine and extinguish the fire in controlled situations, reducing the likelihood of a fire spreading to other areas.  Ultimately, fire suppression is a mitigation strategy that reduces damage and is a key role in fire safety.

18. How Many Components Are in the Fire Suppression System? Six key components make up a fire suppression system. These components include:  Fire alarm initiating devices Fire notification devices Alarm monitoring systems Alarm control panels Suppressant delivery systems Primary and backup power supplies

19. Fire Alarm Initiating Devices Fire alarm initiating devices activate the fire suppression system when a fire is detected. Smoke detectors, sprinkler water flow switches, manual pull stations, and other equipment are examples of fire alarm initiating devices. While some systems are designed to operate automatically, others need manual activation from someone within the building. A direct system is initiated using heat-sensitive tubing that automatically releases a suppression agent once it reaches a certain temperature. An indirect system can be both automatic and manual, depending on the type of suppression being used.

20. Fire Notification Devices Fire notification devices alert the occupants of a building that there is a fire within the building. These typically include alarms, bells, horns, or other sounds and strobe lights. When these go off, always look for illuminated exit signs and pathways to evacuate safely.

21. Alarm Monitoring Systems Alarm monitoring systems are designed to automatically alert fire departments and other authorities of a fire alarm trigger within a building. Because of the automation, occupants do not need to call the fire department while they are safely exiting the building. However, these systems are sometimes optional, and a building or security manager should know the correct procedures in the event of an emergency.

22. Alarm Control Panels Alarm control panels give authorities and emergency response teams the ability to shut off the fire alarm system once a fire has been  extinguished  and the building is determined to be safe. Some alarm control panels include monitoring systems that detect a fire, alert emergency personnel, and set off notification devices.

23. Suppressant Delivery Systems Suppressant delivery systems are the functional part of fire suppression systems. This includes: The water, clean agent, and/or  gasses  that suppress the fire The pipes or tubes that carry the suppressant to the fire The release mechanisms like nozzles, sprinklers, or temperature-sensitive tubes

24. Primary and Backup Power Supplies Active fire suppression systems are connected to the electrical infrastructure of a building, which is provided by electric service providers. In those systems, it is essential to have a backup power supply, like batteries, to ensure the system runs in case of a power outage. Non-electric suppression systems do not require primary or backup power to operate effectively. With fire suppression system installation, it is important to be familiar with the different components and any necessary actions that might be required to make it operate as intended. Each piece of equipment has an important role in fire suppression that is essential to maintaining the safety of the building and its occupants. 

25. BFP Organizational Structure

26. BFP Powers and Functions 1. Be responsible for the prevention and suppression of all destructive fires on: Buildings, houses and other structures; Forest; Land transportation vehicles and equipment; Ships or vessels docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major Petroleum industry installations; Plane crashes; and Other similar incidents

27. BFP Powers and Functions 2. Be responsible for the enforcement of the Revised Fire Code of the Philippines (RA. 9514) and other related laws. 3. Shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and, if necessary, file the proper complaint with the city or provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case. 4. In time of national emergency, all elements of the BFP shall, upon direction of the President, assist the AFP in meeting national emergency, and 5. Shall establish at least one (1) fire station with adequate personnel, firefighting facilities and equipment in every city subject to standards, rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the Department of the Interior and Local Government.

28. BFP RANK CLASSIFICATION (SECTION 58, RA 6975)

29. Organization and Key Positions of the BFP (RA 9263) The BFP and the BJMP shall be respectively headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs, one (1) for administration and one (1) for operations, all of whom shall be appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG from among the qualified officers with at least the rank of senior superintendent in the service:  Provided , that in no case shall any officer who has retired or is retirable within six (6) months from his/her compulsory retirement age be appointed as Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the Jail Bureau, as the case may be,  Provided ,  further , that the Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years:  Provided ,  however , that in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.

30. Organization and Key Positions of the BFP (RA 9263) The Heads of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of director shall have the position title of Chief of the Fire Bureau and the Chief of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The second officers in command of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy Chief for Administration of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The third officer in command of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy Chief for Operation of Fire Bureau and Deputy Chief for Operation of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The fourth officers in command of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the respective position title of Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau and Chief of Directorial Staff of the Jail Bureau, who shall be assisted by the directors of the directorates in the respective national headquarters office with at least the rank of senior superintendent.

31. Organization and Key Positions of the BFP (RA 9263) The BFP and they shall establish, operate and maintain their respective regional offices in each of the administrative regions of the country which shall be respectively headed by a Regional Director for Fire Protection and a Regional Director of Jail Management and Penology with the rank of senior superintendent. He/She shall be respectively assisted by the following officers with the rank of superintendent: Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff.

32. Professionalization and Upgrading of Qualification Standards in the Appointment of Uniformed Personnel to the BFP (RA 9592) No person shall be appointed as uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP unless he/she possesses the following minimum qualifications: "a) A citizen of the Republic of the Philippines; "b) A person of good moral character; "c) Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests for the purpose of determining his/her physical and mental health; "d) Must possess a baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning; "e) Must possess the appropriate civil service eligibility; "f) Must not have been dishonorably discharged or dismissed for cause from previous employment; "g) Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude; "h) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 m.) in height for male, and one meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1.57 m.) for female:  Provided , That a waiver for height and age requirements shall be automatically granted to applicants belonging to the cultural communities; and " i ) Must weight not more or less than five kilograms (5 kgs.) from the standard weight corresponding to his/her height, age and sex;

33. Appointment of Uniformed Personnel to the BFP (RA 9263) a)  Fire/Jail Officer I to Senior Fire/Jail Officer IV.  – Appointed by the respective Regional Director for Fire Protection and Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology for the regional office uniformed personnel or by the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau for the national headquarters office uniformed personnel, and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC); b) " Fire/Jail Inspector to Fire/Jail Superintendent.  – Appointed by the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau, as recommended by their immediate superiors, and attested by the CSC; c)  Fire/Jail Senior Superintendent.  – Appointed by the Secretary of the DILG upon recommendation of the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau, with the proper attestation of the CSC; and d)  Fire/ Jail Chief Superintendent. To Fire/Jail Director. - Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG, with the proper endorsement by the Chairman of the CSC.

34.   Lateral Entry of Officer into the BFP (RA 9263) In general, all original appointments of officers in the Fire Bureau and Jail Bureau shall commence the rank of fire/jail inspector wherein applicants for lateral entry into the BFP shall include all those with highly specialized and technical qualifications such as, but not limited to, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, chemical engineers, chemist, architects, criminologists, certified public accountants, nurses, physical therapists, and dentists . Doctor of Medicine, members of the Philippine Bar and chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of fire/jail senior inspector in their particular technical service. Graduate of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) shall be automatically appointed to the initial rank of fire/jail inspector.