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1. OBJECTIVES: Develop a comprehensive definition of counseling as an applied social science Discribe the context involved in counseling Identify the principle of counseling Clarify how different factors contribute to successful counseling based on the concepts and principles of counselling; Determine life situations that are within the goals and scope of professional counseling and; Demonstrate how core values of counselling can be infused in counseling seesion .

2. DICIPLINE OF COUNSELING The discipline of counseling is a relationship characterized by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognized set of communication skills appropriate to clients intimate concerns,problems,aspiration ,( Felthaman and Dryden1993).These clients are individuals or a group in a demoralized, distressed,or in a negative state of mind about their situation or context.Therefore counseling can be for one person or a group and maybe delivered through a number of methodssuch as through facet-to-face dialog,group work,email,or other written materials.

3. DEFINITION OF COUNSELING The Colins Dictionary of sociology defines counseling as “ the process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessment or dicission have to be made about him self or herself and his or her life course” Their jobs is to provide advice or guidance of decision making. Counseling is widely considered the heart of the guidance services in the school.

4. Counseling is usually done as individual or group intervention designed to facilitate positive change in student behavior,feelings,and attitude. Counseling also utilizes appraisal and assessment to aid counseling by gathering information about clients and through the use of psychological test and non-psychometric device . Psychometric- is a branch of psychology that deals with the design ,administration

5. interpretation of quantitative test for the measuremet of psychological variables such as intelegence , aptitude,interest,and personality traits. The intent of psychometric testing is to use a number of carefully calibrated short or multiple-choice questions to accurately measure an individuals aptitude or potential in a particular area

6. CONTEXT AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF COUNSELING Urie Bronfenbrenner( 1977,1978,1986,1988 g )- defined context includes the peers, the culture,,the neighborhoods,the counselin,client,the counselor,and the contextual and the process factors. Peers as context .Friends’attitudes,norms,and behaviors have a strong influence on adolescents. Parents can have much influence over their adolescent children.

7. Neighborhood as Context .The interactions between the family and its neighborhood as immediate context are also important to consider. Culture as Context. Culture provide meaning and coherence of life to any orderly life such as community or organization. Various sectors of community families,peers,and neighborhoods are all bound together by a cultural context that influence tem all as individual member.Therefore,the cultural context is a major consideration in counseling.

8. Culture is the source of norms,values,symbols,and language which provide the basis normal functioning of an individual. (Corey 1991)-effective counseling has to take into full consideration the culture of both the counselor and the client especially in multicultural situations. Counseling as Context . (Corey 1991 ) There is a deliberate specific focus,a set of procedures,rules,expectations , experiences,and a way of monitoring progress and determing results in any therapeutic approach .

9. OTHER SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COUNSELING Client factors -The client factors are everything that a client bring to the counseling context.The success or failure of the counseling process depens so much on the clients. Counselor factors- (Vellmen2001)The personality , skills,and personal qualities of a counselor can significant impact the outcomes of the counseling relationship.The counselor’s personal style and qualities can make the interventions successful. Contextual factors- The context in which counseling takes place can define the outcomes.Counselors are therefore concerned with the environment and atmosphere where to conduct the sessions.

10. 3. Contextual factors- The context in which counseling takes place can define the outcomes.Counselors are therefore concerned with the environment and atmosphere where to conduct the sessions . For example physical noise and distance trigger the feeling of emotional safety of the clients. Ideally of the counseling should take place in a quiet , warm,and comfortable placeaway from distraction. 4.Process Factors - Vellemean (2001)presents the following six stages which for him apply to all problem areas in the process of counseling.

11. Developing trust- This involves providing warmth,genuineness,and emphathy Exploring problem areas- This involves providing a clear and deep analysis of what the problem is,where it comes from,its triggers,and why it may have developed . Helping to set goals- This involves setting and managing goal-directed intervention.

12. d). Empowering in a ction - This means fostering action to achieve set goals. e).Helping to maintain change -This means providing support and other techniques to enable the client to maintain change. f). Agreeing when to end the helping relationship- Thia implies that assurance are there that guarantee the process is being directed by the client and towards Independence.

13. Goals and scope of counseling Counseling is aimed ad empowering a clients .At some stage in the process,the client should attain insight and understanding of oneself,achieve better self- awarenessand look at oneself with increased self-acceptance and appreciation,and be able to manage oneself positively. Principles of counseling-( Velleman 2001) The principles of counseling can be found in the basic process of counseling since they govern each every steps;developing trust;exploring problem areas;helping to set goals;empowering into actions;helping to maintain change;and agreeing when to end.

14. Objectives of counseling is to provide support in dealing with issues of concerns,counseling is effective when it is performed with their objectives that included providing some degree of advice,reassurance,release of emotional tension,clarified thinking and reorientation. Counselors must try to keep this principles in mind at all times in order to be effective.

15. Advice -counseling may involve advice-giving as one of the several functions that counselors perfom . Reassurance - counseling involves providing clients with reassurance,which is a way of giving them courage to face a problem or confidence that they are pursuing a suitable course of action. Release of emotional tension - counseling provides clients the opportunity to get emotional release from their pent-up fruastration and other personal issues.The release of tension helps remove mental blocks by providing a solution to the problem.

16. Clarified thinking- clarified thinking tends to take place while the counselor and counselee are talking and therefore become a logical emotional release.clarified thinking encourage a client to accept responsibility for problems and to be more realistic in solving them. Reorientation- Reorientation involves a change in the client’s emotional self through a change in the basic goals and aspiration.The counselor’s job is to recognize those in need of reorientation and facilitate appropriate intervention.

17. Listening skills- Listening attentively to clients is the counselor’s attempt to understand both content of clients problem .Good listening helps counselors the concernes being resented. Respect- in all circumstances, clients must be treated with respect, no matter how peculiar , strange,disturbed ,weird ,or utterly different from the counselor.Without this basic element ,successful counseling is imposible .

18. Emphathy and positive regard -Carl Roger combined empathy and positive regard as two principles that should go along with respect and effective listening skills. Empathy requires the counselor to listen and understand the feelings and perspective of the client and positive regard is an aspect of respect.For Rogers clients have to given both’’unconditional positive regard’’. Clarification,confrontation,and interpretation- clarification is an attempt by the counselor to restate what the client is either saying or telling.

19. Confrontation and interpretation are other more advanced principles used by counselors in their intervention. Transferrence and countertransference- when clients are helped to understand transference reaction they are empowered to gain understanding of important aspects of their emotional life. countertransference helps both clients and counselor to understand the emotional and perception al reactions and how to effectively manage them.

20. Core values of counseling- certain values are considered core to counseling and are reflected and expressed in the practice of counseling. The ff. are set of core values Respect for human dignity- This means that the counselor must provide a client unconditional positive regard , compassion,non-judgemental,attitude,empathy,and trust.

21. 2 ) . Partnership -a counselor has to foster parstnership with various diciplines that come together to support an integrated healing that encompasses various aspects such as the physical,emotional,spiritual,and intellectual.These relationship should be of integrity,sensitivity,and openness to ensure health,healing,and growth of clients. 3) . Autonomy- This entails respect for confidentiality and trust in a relationship of counseling and ensuring a safe environment that is needed for healing.

22. 4) . Responsible caring- This primarily means respecting the potential of every human being to change and to continue learning throughout his/her life,and especially in th environment of counseling. 5) Personal integrity- counselors must reflect personal intergrity,honesty,and truthfulness with clients. 6) .Social justice- this means accepting and respecting the diversity of the client,the diversity of individuals,their culture,languages,lifestyle,identities,ideologies.intellectual,capacities,personalities,and capabilities,personality,and capabilities,regardless of presented issue.

23. Counselors shall; Act with care and respect for individual and cultural differences and the diversityof human experience. Avoid doing harm in their professional work. Respect the confidence with which they are entrusted. Promote the safety and well-being of individuals,families,and communities.

24. 5). Seek to increase the range of choices and opportunities for clients. 6) .Be honest and trustworthy in all their profesionals relationship. 7) .Practice within scope of their competence. 8). Treat colleagues and other profesionals with respect.

25. THAT ENDS MY REPORT! THANK YOU FOR LISTENING