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Cryptography CN PPT.pptx

1. Department of Applied Computational Science & Engg . Program: BTech CSAI/ CSAIML/ CSDS/ AIML/ AIDS Course Code: KOE 068 Course Name: Software Project Management Lecture No: Unit-2

2. Department of Applied Computational Science & Engg . Course Code: KE068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Course Outcomes :

3. Course Prerequisites None Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164

4. Syllabus Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164

5. Lecture Objectives To introduce the concept of following Software Process Models Waterfall V Model Incremental Model Iterative Model Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164

6. Lecture Outcomes At the end of the lecture, a student will be able to Understand the software process Illustrate different software process models with their lifecycles List and explain the pros and cons of software process models Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164

7. The waterfall model is  a classical model used in software development to create a system with a linear and sequential approach . It is termed as waterfall because the model develops systematically from one phase to another in a downward fashion. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Waterfall model

8. Features: Sequential nature: All phases must happen in a predefined sequence. Transformability: Any given phase can be directly attributed to the preceding one. Completeness: Any given phase must fully completed before the next phase can be started. Used When Requirements are very well documented, clear and fixed. Product definition is stable. Technology is understood and is not dynamic. There are no ambiguous requirements. Ample resources with required expertise are available to support the product. The project is short. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Waterfall model: Features and Uses

9. Advantages: Simple and easy to understand and use Each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. Phases are processed and completed one at a time. Clearly defined stages. Well understood milestones. Easy to arrange tasks. Process and results are well documented. Limitations: Cannot accommodate changing requirements. Late tangible product maturity, late testing, late feedback minimal risk management for both customer and developer Poor model for long and ongoing and complex projects. Not suitable for object oriented systems. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Waterfall model: Advantages and Limitations

10. The V-Model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on the association of a testing phase for each corresponding development stage. The next phase starts only after completion of the previous phase and the corresponding testing activity.  This model is also known as Verification and Validation model. Verification: are we building the product right? Validation: are we building the right product? "Building the product right" checks that the specifications are correctly implemented by the system while "building the right product" refers back to the user's needs and expectations. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 V Model

11. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 V Model

12. Requirement Analysis:  It is done to understand an aspect from a customer’s perspective by stepping into their shoes to completely analyse the functionality of an application from a user’s point of view. It is tested with A cceptance Testing. System Design:  It comprises of creating a layout of the system/application design that is to be developed. It is further segregated into sub categories as follows: Architectural Design: Architectural design is the high level design and is is aimed at providing an overview of solution, platform, system, product and service. It is tested with Integration Testing Module Design:  Module design is known as ‘low-level design’ which is aimed at defining the logic of module. It is tested with Unit Testing. System Design: It is overall system when all modules have been incorporated into one system. It is tested with System Testing. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 V Model: Verification Phase

13. Unit Testing Phase:  Unit tests are supposed to verify singles modules and remove bug, if it exists. A  unit test is simply executing a piece of code to verify whether it delivers the desired functionality. Integration Testing:  The term  ‘ integration testing’  refers to collaborate pieces of code together to verify that they perform as a single entity. System Testing:   System Testing is performed when the complete system is ready, the application is then run on the target environment in which it must operate, and a conclusion is drawn to figure out whether the system is capable of performing efficiently with least response time. Acceptance Testing:  The  user acceptance test plan  is prepared during the requirement analysis phase because when the software is ready to be delivered, it is tested against a set of tests that must be met in order to certify that the product has achieved the target it was intended to. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 V Model: Validation Phase

14. Requirements are well defined, clearly documented and fixed. Product definition is stable. Technology is not dynamic and is well understood by the project team. There are no ambiguous or undefined requirements. The project is short. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 V Model is used when

15. Advantages: This is a highly-disciplined model and Phases are completed one at a time. Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Simple and easy to understand and use. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model. Each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. Limitations: Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects. Poor model for long and ongoing projects. Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is difficult to go back and change a functionality. No working software is produced until late during the life cycle. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 V Model: Advantages and Limitations

16. An iterative model means software development activities are systematically repeated in cycles known as iterations. The system is developed through repeated cycles (iterative) and in smaller portions of a time. An iterative model does not attempt to start with a full specification of requirements. Instead, development begins by specifying and implementing just part of the software, which is then reviewed to identify further requirements. Iterative process starts with a simple implementation of a subset of the software requirements and iteratively enhances the evolving versions until the full system is implemented. At each iteration, design modifications are made and new functional capabilities are added. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Iterative Model

17. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Iterative Model

18. Major requirements are defined; however, some functionalities or enhancements may evolve with time. A new technology is being used and is being learnt by the development team while working on the project. Resources with needed skill sets are not available and are planned to be used on contract basis for specific iterations. There are some high-risk features and goals which may change in the future. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Iterative Model is used when

19. Working functionality can be developed quickly and early. Results are obtained early and periodically. Parallel development can be planned. Less costly to change the scope/requirements. Testing and debugging during smaller iteration is easy. Easier to manage risk - High risk part can be done first. With every increment, operational product is delivered. It supports changing requirements. Initial Operating time is less. Better suited for large and mission-critical projects. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Iterative Model: Advantages

20. System architecture or design issues may arise because not all requirements are gathered in the beginning of the entire life cycle. Not suitable for smaller projects. End of project may not be known which is a risk. Highly skilled resources are required for risk analysis. Projects progress is highly dependent upon the risk analysis phase. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Iterative Model: Limitations

21. An incremental approach breaks the software development process down into small, manageable portions known as increments which are assumes to be independent sub-system. Multiple development cycles take place here, making the life cycle a  “multi-waterfall” cycle .  Cycles are divided up into smaller, more easily managed modules. In this model, each module passes through the requirements, design, implementation and  testing  phases. A working version of software is produced during the first module, so you have working software early on during the  software life cycle . Each subsequent release of the module adds function to the previous release. The process continues till the complete system is achieved. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Incremental Model

22. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Incremental Model

23. Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood. Major requirements must be defined; however, some details can evolve with time. There is a need to get a product to the market early. A new technology is being used Resources with needed skill set are not available There are some high risk features and goals. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Incremental Model is used when

24. Advantages: Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle. This model is more flexible – less costly to change scope and requirements. It is easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration. In this model customer can respond to each built. Lowers initial delivery cost. Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during it’d iteration. Limitations: Needs good planning and design. Needs a clear and complete definition of the whole system before it can be broken down and built incrementally. Total cost is higher than  waterfall . Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Incremental Model: Advantages and Limitations

25. Department of Applied Computational Science and Engg . Course Code068 Course Name: Software Project Management Program Name: BTech CSAI/CSAIML/CSDS/AIML/AIDS Program Code: 152/153/154/163/164 Incremental Model: Advantages and Limitations