Presenting-Experimental-Data-Grade-8 [Autosaved].pptx

Introduction to Experimental Data Presentation
Experimental data presentation involves the methodical display and interpretation of information gathered from experiments. The data presentation serves as the foundation for understanding the outcomes, drawing conclusions, and supporting hypotheses. A successful presentation can significantly influence how the research is interpreted and appreciated by peers, reviewers, and the scientific community.

Data is typically presented in multiple forms, including textual descriptions, tables, graphs, figures, and statistical analyses. The way this data is organized and conveyed plays a crucial role in maintaining scientific rigor and transparency. The choice of presentation format depends on the nature of the data and the goals of the research.

1. Choosing the Appropriate Data Presentation Format
The first step in presenting experimental data is selecting the appropriate format. Experimental results can be expressed in different ways depending on the type of data and the message that needs to be conveyed.

1.1. Tables
Use of Tables: Tables are ideal for organizing raw data or presenting a comparison between different sets of variables. They are helpful when specific numerical values are important for the reader.

Design Considerations: When using tables, keep them simple and avoid unnecessary complexity. Each column and row should be labeled clearly, and units should be provided. Only include essential data to avoid overwhelming the reader. Ensure the table is easy to read, with a logical flow that highlights key comparisons or findings.

Examples:

Presenting experimental data for multiple trials.
Showing the comparison between control and treatment groups.
1.2. Graphs and Charts
Use of Graphs: Graphs are an effective way to visually represent trends, patterns, and relationships in the data. They are particularly useful for conveying complex datasets in an accessible way.

Types of Graphs:

Line graphs: Useful for continuous data to show trends over time.
Bar charts: Ideal for comparing categorical data or discrete variables.
Scatter plots: Excellent for showing correlations or relationships between variables.
Pie charts: Used to represent proportions or percentages.
Graph Design: Ensure that axes are labeled, including units of measurement. The scale should be appropriate, and data points or bars should be clearly distinguishable. Color, shading, or patterns may be used, but the graph must remain clear in black and white, as many printed publications do not support color.

Examples:

Displaying a time-series of temperature changes.
Comparing the frequency of specific outcomes in different experimental groups.
1.3. Figures and Diagrams
Use of Figures: Figures may include images, schematics, or other visual representations that help explain the experimental setup, biological specimens, or complex mechanisms.

Effective Figure Presentation:

Figures should be clear and well-labeled.
effective presentation

1. Presenting Experimental Data

2. Objectives Construct pie chart, bar graph and line graph using findings from observations/data

3. Presenting Data When data is organized in tables or graphically it is much easier to identify the trends. Organization of data also allows for the discovery of anomalous results

4. Presenting Data Tables are a good way to organize data while graphs and charts make the data more visual Graphs used to show data include Pie charts Bar graphs line graphs

5. Pie Charts

6. Presenting Data - Pie Charts The pie chart is a pictorial representation of data relative to a whole. Each portion in the circle represent an element of the collected data. The pie chart represents the composition of various elements in a whole. Each portion in the circle shows a fraction or percentage of the total.

7. Presenting Data Pie chart is a circular graph which is used to represent data. In this : Various observations of the data are represented by the sectors of the circle. The total angle formed at the centre is 360°. The whole circle represents the sum of the values of all the components.

8. Presenting Data To calculate the angle of the sector for each category is given by Quantity of the category Total number in all categories If the values of observation/components are expressed in percentage, then the centre angle corresponding to particular observation/component is given by × 360°

9. Presenting Data - Pie Charts (Steps) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_nPxTRuLxo

10. Presenting Data - Pie Charts (Steps) Find the total number represented by the data. Using the formula Angle of sector = Quantity of the category Total number in all categories Determine the number of degrees for each quantity. Draw a circle using a compass. With the aid of a ruler, draw a radius line. That is, draw a line from the centre of the circle to a point along the circumference. This becomes the reference line or the 0⁰ line from which the angle of the first sector will be measured. Measure the angle of the first sector using a protractor. Place the protractor over the circle and measure the first angle from the reference line and draw a new radius to enclose that sector. The new or last radius drawn becomes the reference line when measuring the next angle. × 360°

11. Presenting Data- Pie Chart 1. The following table shows the numbers of hours spent by a child on different events on a working day. Represent the information on a pie chart. Activity No. of Hours School 6 Sleep 8 Playing 2 Study 4 T. V. 1 Others 3

12. Presenting Data- Pie Chart 1. Find the total number represented by the data. Activity No. of Hours School 6 Sleep 8 Playing 2 Study 4 T. V. 1 Others 3 Total 24

13. Presenting Data - Pie Chart 2. Multiply 360 degrees ( the total amount of degrees in a circle) by the quantity of the category divided by the total number in all categories to find the degrees for each quantity Activity No. of Hours Measure of central angle School 6 ( 6 / 24 × 360)° = 90° Sleep 8 ( 8 / 24 × 360)° = 120° Playing 2 ( 2 / 24 × 360)° = 30° Study 4 ( 4 / 24 × 360)° = 60° T. V. 1 ( 1 / 24 × 360)° = 15° Others 3 ( 3 / 24 × 360)° = 45° Totals 24 360 °

14. Presenting Data - Pie Chart Draw a circle of any radius. Draw a horizontal or vertical radius (from the center to the perimeter).

15. Presenting Data - Pie Chart Starting with the radius, make central angles corresponding to the values of respective components.

16. Presenting Data - Pie Chart Repeat the process for all the components of the given data. These radii divide the whole circle into various sectors. Label each sector

17. Homework Construct a pie chart to represent the following data Flavours % of Students Prefer the Flavours Measure of Central Angles Vanilla 25 % ( 25 / 100 × 360)° = 90° Strawberry 15 % ( 15 / 100 × 360)° = 54° Chocolate 10 % ( 10 / 100 × 360)° = 36° Cherry 30 % ( 30 / 100 × 360)° = 108° Mango 20 % ( 20 / 100 × 360)° = 72°

18. Try this 80 girls were asked about their favourite sport? The collected information is given in the table. Read the information and label the graph. Sports Number of Girls Badminton 41 tennis 9 swimming 23 volleyball 7

19. Bar Chart/ Graph

20. Presenting Data - BarChart In a bar chart, the height of the bar shows the frequency of the result. This should be done on graph paper Graphing rule: Manipulated variable on the x axis responding variable on the y axis

21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReW4MPqXTvA

22. Presenting Data - Bar Chart Step 1: Find the range in values. Step 2: Determine a scale. Step 3: Label the graph. Step 4: Draw the bars. Step 5: Give the graph a title.

23. Presenting Data - Bar Chart Label each axis The bars should be of equal width but the height varies depending on the quantity of the variables The bars should be equally spaced (same width between the Y-axis and the first bar should be maintained throughout). the chart must have a title

24. Exercise Use the information below to construct a bar graph. Birth Rate Country 42 China 35 India 15 Germany 28 United Kingdom 21 Sweden

25. Your graph should look like this

26. Create your own Table: Favourite Type of Movie Favorite Movie Anime Action Romance Drama SciFi Number of students 4 5 6 1 4

27. Line Graph Watch me: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2YkbdNORp8

28. Presenting Data - Line graph A line graph is a type of chart used to show information that changes over time. Line graphs are best used when both manipulating and responding variables are continuous data. Continuous data can be measured at any point along the range being used. The range may involve incremental measurements for time, distance, concentration, temperature. Eg , population growth over a period of 25 years We plot line graphs using several points connected by straight lines. The line graph comprises of two axes known as ‘x’ axis and ‘y’ axis. The horizontal axis is known as the x-axis. The vertical axis is known as the y-axis.

29. Presenting Data - Line graph Title : tells about the data for each line graph is plotted. x-axis : tells about labels on x-axis, which is generally time. y-axis : tells about labels on y-axis which is generally a quantity in numbers Trend : We join the points to draw the graph. The intersection point of the label on the x-axis and y-axis tells about the trend.

30. Presenting Data - Line graph (Steps) Decide on a scale based on the information given Draw the x-axis and y-axis on the graph paper. Point out the exact values on the graph. Join the points so that the trend can be seen. Write the title above the table so that it determines the purpose of the graph.

31. Presenting Data - Line graph

32. Presenting Data - Line graph Number of Yeast Buds Time (mins) 5 5 20 10 63 15 30 20 45 25 52 30 45 35 55 40 55 45 55 50 The table shows the results of an experiment conducted. Plot a line graph to show the results.