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1. Medicine for nursing Lecture: Infectious disease Lecturer: Mr -Abdiwali Hassan Hussein

2. INFECTIOUS-DISEASES Introduction to infectious diseases This chapter will cover issues around, definition of infection , types, causes, treatment and prevention of infection.

3. An overview Definition: A disease caused by an infectious agent. Infectious disease : is an illness of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal or from environment (through air, water, food, etc.) to man.

4. Types of infectious diseases Bacteria Viruses Parasite Fungi

5. Causes of infectious diseases Infectious disease is caused by the micro-organism, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These pass from one person to another by a chain of infection. The chain is made up of the sources of the infection. The way in which it is spread (transmission) and the person who becomes infected.

6. Sources of infection Patient Visitors Dirty equipment Insects or animals Dust Contaminated food or water

7. Transmission Infections are passed in many ways such as: Hospitals Hands Ingestion of infected materials Dirty equipment/ unsterilized instruments Air droplets of moisture/ airborne infection.

8. Transmission can be divided into Direct contact Indirect contact Direct contact: Occurs when there is contact directly from person touching, kissing, during sexual intercourse. Transplacental : is transmission from mother to fetus through the placenta. Example: Syphilis, HIV,/AIDS

9. Indirect contact Indirect contact : refers to the spread of infectious disease through contact surfaces, objects. Airborne (Measles, Ebola) Food and water Vector transmission (Insects)

10. Factors influencing infectious disease Age Nutritional status Weather Air quality Food Geography Health status

11. Reservoir Human reservoir Animal reservoir Non-living reservoir

12. Immune response: Is a defense mechanism developed by the host for recognizing and responding to microorganisms It is divided 1 to two major classes. Innate and Acquired Immunity.

13. Innate immunity (Natural Immunity) Is first line of defense and serves to protect the host without prior exposure to the infectious agent. This immune response is nonspecific and has no memory. Examples of Innate immunity include skin and mucous membrane, etc.

14. Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity : Is specific immune mechanism developed against a particular organism It takes time to develop and it has long standing memory.

15. Laboratory diagnosis The lab diagnosis of infections are either 1. Direct 2 . Indirect Treatment: infectious diseases requires a broad knowledge of medicine.

16. Review questions Define infectious disease List factors that influencing infectious disease? How an infections are transmitted? List sources of infection? Differentiate Innate and Acquired Immunity? List types of infectious disease?