prevention mental health.pptx

This presentation includes detail on the level of prevention of mental illness

1. Unit IX Concept of Prevention of Mental Disorders by Using Levels of Prevention Presented By: Sapana Dahal M.Sc. Nursing 2 nd Year 5/15/2023 1

2. Objectives At the end of the session, all the participants will be able to explain about Prevention of Mental Disorders. 5/15/2023 2

3. Contents Introduction Aims of Prevention Models of Prevention Articles References 5/15/2023 3

4. Introduction An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" or "Curing is costly , prevention is priceless." It works by focusing on reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors associated with mental illness 5/15/2023 4

5. Introduction Contd … Prevention is defined as “ Approaches and activities aimed at reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual, interrupting or slowing the progress of the disorder or reducing disability .” -WHO 5/15/2023 5

6. Aims of Mental Illness Prevention To reduce the : Incidence, prevalence, and recurrence of mental disorders. Time spent with symptoms. Risk factors for developing a mental illness Impact of the illness in the affected person, their families, and the society 5/15/2023 6

7. Aims of Mental Illness Prevention Contd … To increase resilience To help people cope with stressors adaptively To increase positive outcomes 5/15/2023 7

8. Aims of Mental Illness Prevention Contd … To change the resources and policies of the environment so that they do not cause stress but rather enhance people’s functioning. 5/15/2023 8

9. Aims of Mental Illness Prevention Contd … A study by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine ( 2009)on prevention of mental disorders and substance abuse among young people demonstrated the value of: 5/15/2023 9

10. Aims of Mental Illness Prevention Contd … Strengthening families Strengthening individuals Promoting mental health in schools Promoting mental health through health care and community programs 5/15/2023 10

11. Models of Prevention Public health prevention model Medical model Nursing model. 5/15/2023 11

12. Public Health Prevention Model “Patient " is the community rather than the individual, and the focus is on the amount of mental health or illness in the community as a whole, including factors that promote or inhibit mental health. 5/15/2023 12

13. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Use of this model require that mental health professionals be familiar with skills such as community needs assessment, identifying and prioritizing target or high-risk groups, and intervening treatments such as consultation, education, and crisis intervention . 5/15/2023 13

14. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Community Needs Assessment Services are developed and delivered based on a culturally sensitive assessment of community needs. Four techniques are used to estimate service needs: 5/15/2023 14

15. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Community Needs Assessment Social indicators Key informants Community forums Epidemiological studies 5/15/2023 15

16. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Identifying and Prioritizing Target or High-risk groups After the analysis of community needs assessments, specific high-risk groups begin to emerge. 5/15/2023 16

17. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Demographic data might show that a community has many preadolescent females, and socioeconomic indicators may suggest that many of these young women live in single- parent households and in poverty. Community forums and surveys of key informants may reveal few recreational and social services for children and adolescents. 5/15/2023 17

18. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Epidemiological studies may report high correlations among poverty, single- parent households, and adolescent pregnancy. Therefore, community mental health providers might consider adolescents in this community to be at risk for mental health problems and target them for intervention. 5/15/2023 18

19. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Interventions : Applies three levels of preventive intervention to mental illness and emotional disturbance. 5/15/2023 19

20. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Primary prevention : Primary prevention targets both individuals and the environment. Emphasis is two fold : Assisting individuals to increase their ability to cope effectively with stress. Targeting and diminishing harmful forces (stressors) within the environment. 5/15/2023 20

21. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Nursing in primary prevention is focused on the targeting of groups at risk and the provision of educational programs such as: Teaching parenting skills and child development to prospective new parents. Teaching physical and psychosocial effects of alcohol/drugs to elementary school students. 5/15/2023 21

22. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Secondary prevention Accomplished through early identification of problems and prompt initiation of effective treatment. Focuses on recognition of symptoms and provision of, or referral for, treatment such as: 5/15/2023 22

23. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Ongoing assessment of individuals at high risk for illness exacerbation Referral for treatment of individuals in whom illness symptoms have been assessed. 5/15/2023 23

24. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Tertiary prevention : It is accomplished in two ways: Preventing complications of the illness. Promoting rehabilitation that is directed toward achievement of each individual's maximum level of functioning. 5/15/2023 24

25. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Nursing in tertiary prevention focuses on helping clients learn or relearn socially appropriate behaviors so that they may achieve a satisfying role within the community such as: Consideration of the rehabilitation process at the time of initial diagnosis and treatment planning. 5/15/2023 25

26. Public Health Prevention Model Contd … Teaching the client daily living skills and encouraging independence to his or her maximum ability. Referring clients for various aftercare services Monitoring effectiveness of aftercare services. 5/15/2023 26

27. Medical Prevention Model Focuses on biological and brain research to discover the specific causes of mental illness, with primary prevention activities focused on the prevention of illness in the individual patient . It consists of the following steps: Identify a disease that warrants the development of preventive intervention program. 5/15/2023 27

28. Medical Prevention Model Contd … I dentify the most likely cause of the disease. Launch and evaluate an experimental preventive intervention program based on the results of those studies. 5/15/2023 28

29. Nursing Prevention Model It stresses the importance of promoting mental health and preventing mental illness by focusing on resilience, risk factors, protective factors, vulnerability, and human responses . The "patient" may be an individual, family, or community 5/15/2023 29

30. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … It assumes that problems are multi-causal, that everyone is vulnerable to stressful life events, and that any disability or problem may arise as a consequence. It is based on the application of the nursing process and incorporates the following aspects: 5/15/2023 30

31. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation 5/15/2023 31

32. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Assessment Risk Factors and Protective Factors Target Populations Universal Selective Indicated 5/15/2023 32

33. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … It involves identifying individuals and groups of people who are vulnerable developing mental disorders or who may display maladaptive coping responses to specific stressors or risk factors. 5/15/2023 33

34. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Planning and Implementation T he nurse focuses on decreasing risk factors or increasing protective factors through Health education Environmental change Social support Stigma reduction 5/15/2023 34

35. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Health education It involves the strengthening of individuals and groups through competence building or resilience. Competence building Self-Efficacy 5/15/2023 35

36. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Health education related to competence building or increasing self-efficacy includes four types of interventions: Increasing awareness of issues and events related to health and illness, including normal developmental tasks and problems . 5/15/2023 36

37. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Increasing understanding of potential stressors, possible outcomes (both adaptive and maladaptive), and alternative coping responses . Increasing knowledge of where and how to obtain needed resources. 5/15/2023 37

38. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Increasing the abilities of the individual or group by improving such coping skills as problem solving, communication skills, tolerance of stress and frustration, motivation, hope, anger management, and self-esteem. 5/15/2023 38

39. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Programs and Activities : Mental health education can take place in any setting, can have a formal or informal structure, can be directed toward individuals or groups. Groups of children or adolescents can discuss peer relationships, sexuality, or potential problem areas, such as drug abuse or promiscuity 5/15/2023 39

40. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Environmental Change It involves the modification of an individual's or group's immediate environment or the modification of the larger social system . 5/15/2023 40

41. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Organizations and Politics : Nurses affect environmental changes at a larger organizational and political level by advocacy and influencing health care structures and policies . 5/15/2023 41

42. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Social Support As a primary prevention strategy, supporting social systems means strengthening the social supports in place to enhance their protective factor and developing ways to buffer or cushion the effects of a potentially stressful event. 5/15/2023 42

43. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Four types of interventions in social support: Social support patterns can be used to assess communities and neighborhoods to identify problem area and high-risk groups. Links can be improved between community support systems and formal mental health services . 5/15/2023 43

44. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Naturally existing caregiving networks can be strengthened. Individuals and groups can be helped to develop, maintain, expand and use their social networks. 5/15/2023 44

45. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Informal Support Groups : The members share a common experience, work together toward a common goal, and use their strengths to gain control over their lives. Common Self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous,Parents Without Partners, Recovery, and Parents Anonymous 5/15/2023 45

46. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Stigma Reduction An important aspect of mental health promotion involves activities related to dispelling myths and stereotypes associated with vulnerable groups. 5/15/2023 46

47. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Three types of stigma have been identified (Corrigan and Wassel , 2008): Public stigma Self-stigma Label avoidance stigma 5/15/2023 47

48. Nursing Prevention Model Contd … Evaluation It is necessary to determine whether the specific strategy implemented was the most effective, appropriate, and efficient. 5/15/2023 48

49. Articles A Study conducted on “ Recent advances in the prevention of mental disorders ” concluded that depression and anxiety can be prevented. Prevention of first-episode psychosis appears promising. Economic evaluations provide support for prevention of depression, anxiety, and first-episode psychosis 5/15/2023 49

50. Articles Contd … but more studies evaluating costs and benefits are needed to strengthen the knowledge base, particularly regarding long-term outcomes, which include chronicity of the prevented disorder, as well as later occurrence of important comorbid mental and physical health problems. 5/15/2023 50

51. Articles Contd … Promising areas for further development include internet or computer-based prevention strategies, mindfulness-based interventions, and integration of prevention programs within occupational settings. ( Mendelson T, Eaton WW,2018 ) 5/15/2023 51

52. Articles Contd … A study conducted on Workplace interventions for common mental disorders: a systematic meta-review concluded that the impact primary and secondary level prevention had on work-related aspects such as absenteeism, presenteeism and productivity remained relatively unexplored. Many of the more popular approaches to stress management, such as counselling , have limited evidence bases in terms of efficacy. 5/15/2023 52

53. Articles Contd … In contrast, CBT-based stress management interventions produced substantial benefits in terms of symptom reduction, but this did not translate to notable improvements in work-related outcomes such as absenteeism and productivity. Tertiary interventions with a specific focus on the workplace, such as exposure therapy, PFT and CBT-based RTW programs had evidence for improving work-related outcomes such as absenteeism. 5/15/2023 53

54. Articles Contd … It demonstrated that there are now a number of evidence-based primary, secondary and tertiary work-related interventions that can be implemented either within the workplace or can incorporate a specific work-related focus. ( Joyce S, Modini M, Christensen H, Mykletun A, Bryant R, Mitchell PB, Harvey SB. 2016 ) 5/15/2023 54

55. References Stuart G. Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing: Prevention and Mental Health Promotion.10 th Edition. United States of America; Elsevier Mosby Publishers.2014. Townsend M. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Community Mental Health Nursing .7 th Edition. New Delhi; Jaypee Brothers Publishers;2012. Stanhope M, Lancaster J. Public Health Nursing: Mental Health Issues 8 th Edition. The United States of America: Elsevier Publishers.2014 . 5/15/2023 55

56. References Park K. Preventive and Social Medicine : Mental Health.25 th Edition.Pune ; Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers.2019. Mendelson T, Eaton WW. Recent advances in the prevention of mental disorders. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2018 Apr;53:325-39. Joyce S, Modini M, Christensen H, Mykletun A, Bryant R, Mitchell PB, Harvey SB. Workplace interventions for common mental disorders: a systematic meta-review. Psychological medicine. 2016 Mar;46(4):683-97. 5/15/2023 56

57. THANK YOU 5/15/2023 57