PRIMARY METABOLITES

Vaibhavi V. Meshram
Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry
Primary Metabolites

1. PRESENTED BY: VAIBHAVI V. MESHRAM PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY B.PHARM (4TH SEMESTER) GONDIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (20220-2021) TOPIC: PRIMARY METABOLITES

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION OF PRIMARY METABOLITES CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS & ENZYMES LIPIDS MARINE DRUGS

3. INTRODUCTION OF PRIMARY METABOLITES A primary metabolites is a kind of metabolite that is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. Basic plant constituents. Simple in structure, therapeutic inactive. Non poisonous. Examples:- Products derived from - carbohydrates, (like starch, chlorophyll,cellulose,aleurone grains) - Proteins (like chitin, amino acids, calcium oxalate crystals) - Lipids (like fatty acids ) etc.

4. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates means “Hydrates of carbon”. Carbohydrates are defined as a group of compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the later two elements are in the same proportion. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone which produce them on hydrolysis.

5. Classification:- Carbohydrates are classified into two broad groups sugar & polysaccharides Sugar:- Sugars are generally soluble in water and form sweet solution. sugars are further classified as -Monosaccharides -Disaccharides -Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides:- Polysaccharides are generally insoluble in water and form tasteless solution.

6. IDENTIFICATION TESTS:- Molisch Test :- Take 1-2 ml of heated solution of the substance and treated with Molisch reagent. Then add 1-2 drops of conc. H2SO4 is added along the side of the test tube. It gives purple colour ring at the junction of 2 reagents. Fehling Solution :- Take 1-2 ml each of the Fehling solution A & B are added to few drop of test solution, and boiled for few minutes. A brick red ppt of cuprous oxide are produced that confirm the presence of a reducing sugar. Benedict Test :- Take 2-3 ml of Benedict reagent is added to 5 drops of test solution, boiled for 5 minutes in a water bath, and then cooled. A yellow or brownish red ppt appears that confirm the presence of a reducing sugar. Io dine Test :- Only starch give this test, in which a few drops of iodine solution are added to 1 ml of the test solution. A deep blue colour appears due to presence of starch in the solution which forms a complex with iodine.

7. ACACIA- Name: - Acacia synonyms: - Gum acacia, Gum arabica, and Indian gum. Botanical Name :- Acacia arabica Family: - Leguminosae Biological source :- Indian gum is the dried gummy exudation obtained from the stem and branches of Acacia arabica . Geographical source :- The plant is found in India,Sri lanka, Sudan, Morocco, & Africa. In India, it occurs in Punjab, Rajasthan, Western Ghats. Chemical constituents: - Arabin, which is a complex mixture of calcium, magnesium and potassium salt of arabic acid. Arabic acid on hydrolysis give L- arabinose, L-rhamnose, L- galactose, & D- glucuronic acids.

8. Uses:- Acacia is used as a demulcent. It is also administered intravenously in haemolysis. It is used as suspending agents. Acacia is a good emulsifying agent for fixed oils, volatile oils & liquid paraffin. It is good binding agent. Also used in preparation of Lozenges, pastilles and compressed tablets.

9. 2. AGAR- Name :- Agar Synonym :- Agar - agar, Japanese -Isinglass, Vegetable gelatin. Family :- Gracilariaceae Biological source :- It is dried gelatinous substance obtained from Gelidium amansii (Gelidaceae ) and several other species of red gum algae like, Gracilaria (Gracilariaceae) Geographical source :- Agar is produced commercially in Japan, Australia,New Zealand, the USA, and India. In India, it is produced in the coastal regions of Bay of Bengal. Chemical constituents :- Agar consist of two different polysaccharides named as agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is responsible for gel strength of agar and is composed of D-galactose and L-galactose units. Agaropectin is responsible for the viscosity of agar solution.

10. USES :- Agar is used as an emulsifying agent and bulk laxative. It is used in the preparation of jellies, confectionery items and in the microbiology. It is employed into the preparation of bacteriological culture medium. agar powder agar plant agar jelly

11. 3. TRAGACANTH- Name:- Tragacanth Synonym: - Gum Tragacanth, Tragacantha Botanical name :- Astragalus gummifer Labill Family :- Leguminosae Biological source: - It is the dried gummy exudation obtained by incision from stem and branches of Astragalus gummer Labill and other species of Astragalus. Geographical source :- It is Indigenous of Iran, Greece, Turkey, Iraq & Syria. In India, Garhwal, Kumaon & central Punjab are the areas where few species of tragacanth are found. chemical constituents :- Tragacanth contain two frictions of which one is soluble in water. The water soluble portion of the tragacanth is known as Tragacanthin, constituting about 8-10 percent of the gum.

12. USES - It is used as a demulcent & as an emollient in cosmetic. Tragacanth is used as a thickening, suspending & as as emulsifying agent. It is used along with acacia as a suspending agent. Tragacanth powder is used as an adhesive. It is also used in lotions for external use. It is used as a stabiliser for ice-cream in 0.2-0.3 percent concentration and also in sauces.

13. 4.HONEY- Name :- Honey Synonyms :- Madhu, madh and mel Botanical Name :- Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata, Apis indica Family :- Apidae Biological source :- Honey is a sugar secretion deposited in Honey comb by the bees. Geographical source :- Honey is produced in Africa, Australia, New Zealand, California and India. Chemical constituents :- The average honey composition is 14-24% of moisture, 23-36% of dextrose, 30-47% of levulose, 0.4-6% sucrose, 0-7% dextrin & gums and 0.1-0.8% of ash.

14. USES- Honey is used as demulcent & sweetening agent. It applied locally as an excipient. It applied to burns and wounds. Honey act as a mild laxative, bactericidal, sedative & antiseptic. It is used in preparation of creams, lotions, soft drinks and candies. It used as a common ingredient of several cough mixture, cough drops & vehicle for ayurvedic formation.

15. PROTEINS AND ENZYMES Various naturally occurring complex substance which consist of amino-acid residues, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus or iron, and many essential biological compounds such as, enzymes, hormones, or antibodies. The proteins that catalyse the chemical reactions are known as ENZYMES.

16. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS

17. IDENTIFICATION TESTS:- Ninhydrin Test :- Proteins give blue to violet colour with ninhydrin like amino acids and peptides. Millon Test :- When protein are treated with millon reagent, a white precipitate is formed. when it is heated, a red colour precipitate is formed. Biuret Test :- Protein+ alk. NaOH + 1-2 drops of CuSO 4 Violet colour Heating with Na - smell of ammonia

18. Gelatin:- Name :- Gelatin Synonym :- Gelatin, Gel foam, Puragel Biological Source :- Gelatin is a protein extracted by partial hydrolysis of animal collagenous tissue like skins, tendons, ligaments and bones with in boiling water. Chemical Constituents :- It contain different amino acid out of which major is lysine, an essential amino acid, but does not contain tryptophan. Gelatin is composed of gluten protein.

19. USES :- It is used in the preparation of pastilles, pastes, suppositories, capsule, pill-coatings and gelatin sponge. Gelatin is mainly used in manufacture of hard and flexible capsule shells. It is also used in preparation of bacteriological culture media, absorbable gelatin sponge and gelatin film. It is used as a suspending agent, tablet binder, coating agent stabiliser, thickener, and texturiser in food.

20. 2. CASEIN:- Name :- Casein Biological Source :- Casein is a principal phosphor protein in milk, & consist of 3.0% milk. It comprise about 80% total protein content of milk. Chemical Constituents :- It is phosphoprotein containing 0.85% phosphorus and 0.75% sulphur. The major constituent of casein are alpha(s 1 ) and alpha (s 2 )- casein, beta casein and kappa-casein. Uses :- It is useful dietary supplement source of protein in pre and post operative care, as a base in the standardisation of proteolytic enzymes and as emulsifying agent. It is used in industry .

21. 3. PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES :- Proteolytic enzymes are the enzymes that break the long chain of protein molecule into shorter fragment and further into amino acids. The best known proteolytic enzyme are found in the digestive tract. Proteolytic enzymes containing drugs. Papain Bromelain Serratiopeptidase Urokinase Streptokinase Pepsin

22. PAPAIN :- Name :- Papain Synonyms :- Papayotin, vegetable pepsin, tromasin. Botanical Name :- Carica papaya Family :- Caricaceae Biological Source :- It is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya. Geographical Source :- The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawaii, Florida and India. Chemical Constituents :- Papain contain several enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes peptidase Ⅰ capable of converting proteins into dipeptides and polypeptides, rennin-like enzymes, clotting enzyme similar to pectase and an enzyme having a feeble activity on fats. .

23. Uses :- It is used in clarification of beverages, e.g., beer, fruit juice, etc. It is used in cheese processing as a substitute of renin. It is also used for degumming of silk fabrics in textile industry. Medicinally, it is used as anti-inflammatory agent.

24. BROMELAIN :- Name :- Bromelain Synonym :- Bromelain Botanical Name :- Ananas comosus Family :- Bromeliaceae Biological Source :- Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes from the stem and ripen fruits of pineapple plant. Geographical source :- Pineapple grown indigenously in tropical America. It is cultivated in almost all part of the world India, China, United States, Thailand, etc. Chemical Constituents :- It contain a mixture of sulphur-containing protein digesting enzymes c/as proteolytic enzymes. It also contain small quantities of several other substances like peroxidase, calcium, protease inhibitors, and acid phosphatase.

25. USES :- It is used in treatment of soft tissue inflammation. It reduces arthritis discomfort. It is used topically for cleaning wounds and trophic ulcers. It is used as a hypolipidemic, antiplatelet, and diuretic. Its vitamin content and nutritional value are high.

26. SERRATIOPEPTIDASE:- Name :- Serratiopeptidase Synonym :- Serrapeptase Biological Source :- It is a proteolytic enzyme isolated from non-pathogenic Enterobacteria Serratia E 15. It is also present in gut of silk worm. Chemical Constituents :- Serratiopeptidase is a proteolytic enzyme of protease type. The preparation contain 7.1 units/mg solid. Uses :- Serratiopeptidase is the most widely prescribed anti-inflammatory enzyme. It is used as a fast wound healing agent. It eliminates inflammatory oedema and swelling, accelerate liquefaction of pus and sputum, and enhance the action of antibodies.

27. UROKINASE :- Name :- Urokinase Synonyms :- Uroquinase, U-plasminogen, and urinary plasminogen activator. Biological Source :- Urokinase is serine protease enzyme isolated from human urine and human kidney cells by tissue culture or by recombinant DNA technology. Chemical Constituents :- U rokinase enzymes are serine proteases that occur as a single low molecular weight and double, high molecular weight polypeptide chain forms. They differ in molecular weight considerably. A single chain is produced by recombinant DNA technique. Uses :- Urokinase is used in the treatment of pulmonary embolism, coronary artery thrombosis. It is used to restore to potency of intravenously catheters. It is administered intravenously in a dose of 4,400 units/kg body weight per hour for 12 hours.

28. STREPTOKINASE :- Name :- Streptokinase Synonyms :- Estreptokinase and plaminokinase Biological Source :- It is a purified bacterial protein produced from the strain of group C β-haemolytic S.griseus. Chemical Constituents :- Streptokinase is the purified bacterial protein with about 484 amino acid residues. Uses :- Streptokinase is the first available agent for dissolving blood clots. It binds to plasminogen in a 1:1 ratio and changes molecular conformation.

29. PEPSIN :- Name :- Pepsin Biological Source :- It is the enzyme prepared from the mucous membrane of the stomach of various animals like pig, sheep, or calf. The commonly used species of pig is Sus scrofa Linn ., belonging to family Suidae. Uses :- It is used in the deficiency of gastric secretion. It also used in the laboratory analysis of various protein. Also, in the preparation of cheese, and other protein containing foods.

30. LIPIDS Lipid are heterogeneous group of biological molecules, relatively insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents like alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, etc. Their non-polar nature is due to the hydrocarbon chain. Lipids are widely distributed in nature and present in both plant and animals. “Lipos” is a greek word means “fat”. Their basic function is storage of energy. They are used in medicine and industry.

31. Classification :- Based on the structure lipids are classified as (1) simple lipids (2) compound lipids and (3) derived lipids. Simple Lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. Compound Lipids are esters of fatty acid with different alcohols, but carry in addition other substances such as phosphates, nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates. Derived lipids are derived from simple or compound lipids by hydrolytic cleavage of the ester bonds.

32. CASTOR OIL :- Name :- Castor Oil Synonyms :- Castor bean oil, castor oil seed, ricinus oil Botanical Name :- Ricinus communis Family :- Euphorbiaceae Biological Source :- Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by the cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis. Geographical Source :- In India, castor is one of the major oilseed crops, and India is the second largest producer of castor seeds in the world. Brazil, U.S.S.R., Thailand, U.S.A. and Romania are other countries producing this drug on large scale. In India, it is largely grown in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Karnataka.

33. Chemical Constituents :- Castor seeds contains 35-50% of castor oil. Castor oil contains about 80% of the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid. Uses :- Castor oil act as n cathartic. Commercially, It is also used for lubrication. It is consumed orally as aromatic castor oil or in the form of capsules. It is also used as an emollient in lipsticks. It is the basic raw material in the manufacture of nylon 11.

34. 2. CHAULMOOGRA OIL :- Name :- Chaulmoogra oil Synonyms :- Hydnocarpus oil, Gynocardia oil Botanical Name :- Taraktogenos kurzii and Hydnocarpus anthelmintic Family :- Flacourtiaceae Biological Source :- Chaulmoogra oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii Geographical Source :- Chaulmoogra plant is native of Myanmar, Thailand, and East India. It is also found in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. In India, it grown in Assam and Tripura.

35. Chemical Constituents :- Chaulmoogra oil contain chemically esters of unsaturated fatty acids of chaulmoogric acid 27% and hydnocarpic acid 48% , gorlic acid with small amounts of glycerides of palmitic acid 6% , and oleic acid 12%. Uses :- The oil is useful in leprosy and many other skin diseases. It is intended only for external use.

36. 3. WOOL FAT :- Name :- Wool Fat Synonyms :- Lanolin, wool wax, and hydrous wool fat Biological Source :- Lanolin is the fat-like purified secretion of the sebaceous gland which is deposited into the wool fibres of sheep, Ovis aries Linn., belonging to the family Bovidae . Chemical Constituents :- Lanolin is a complex mixture of esters and polyesters of 33 high molecular weight alcohols, and 36 fatty acids. Uses :- Lanolin is used as an emollient, as water absorbable ointment base in many skin creams and cosmetic and for hoof dressing. Wool fat is readily absorbed through skin and helps in increasing the absorption of active ingredient incorporated in the ointment.

37. 4. BEES WAX :- Name :- Bees Wax Synonyms :- Cara flava Biological Source :- It is purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bees Apis mellifica and other species of Apis , belonging to family A pidae . Geographical Source :- It is processed and commercially prepared in France, Italy, West Africa, Jamaica and India. Chemical Constituents :- It consist of esters of straight chain monohydric alcohols with straight chain acids. The chief constituents of the bees wax is myricin i.e., myricyl palmitate 80% . Uses :- Bees wax is used in preparation of ointments, plasters and polishes. It is used in ointment for hardening purposes and the manufacture of candles, moulds and in dental and electronic industries. It is also used in cosmetics for preparation of lip -stick and face creams. Pharmaceutically, it is used an ingredient of paraffin ointment IP.

38. MARINE DRUGS The drug which are obtained from marine organisms are known as marine drug. The drugs are obtained from the marine species of bacteria, virus, algae, fungi and sponges. They are highly potent bioactive molecules. The drugs obtained from the marine organisms which are being conventionally used like shark and cod-liver oil, sodium alginate, agar-agar, and chitin.

39. The drugs obtained from marine sources. Cardiovascular active substances Cytotoxic (anticancer) compound Antiviral compounds Antimicrobial compounds Anti-parasitic compounds Anti-spasmodic compounds Anti-inflammatory compounds

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