Principles of-adult-learning-1213909045189160-9(2)

made by badar e alam anwar

2. Malcolm Knowles
MostadultlearningtheorieshavebeenbasedontheworkofMalcolmKnowles,
whotheorizedthatadultlearnershavedistinctanduniquecharacteristics.
Andragogy–atermintroducedbyMalcolmKnowles,whichdescribesthe
scienceofhelpingadultslearn.
Andragogical–learnercenteredmethod.
Pedagogical–teachercenteredmethod.

3. ADULTS ARE AUTONOMOUS AND SELF -DIRECTED

4. ADULTS ARE GOAL –ORIENTED.

5. ADULTS ARE RELEVANCY -ORIENTED.

6. ADULTS HAVE ACCUMULATED A FOUNDATION OF LIFE
EXPERIENCES AND KNOWLEDGE THAT MAY INCLUDE WORK -
RELATED ACTIVITIES, FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES AND PREVIOUS
EDUCATION.

7. ADULTS ARE PRACTICAL.

8. ADULTS NEED TO BE SHOWN RESPECT

9. Motivationisanotheraspectofadultlearning.Atleastsix
factorsserveassourcesofmotivationforadultlearning:

10. •Socialrelationships:tomakenewfriends,tomeetaneedforassociations
andfriendships.
•Externalexpectations:tocomplywithinstructionsfromsomeoneelse;to
fulfilltheexpectationsorrecommendationsofsomeonewithformalauthority.
•Socialwelfare:toimproveabilitytoservemankind,prepareforservicetothe
community,andimproveabilitytoparticipateincommunitywork.
•Personaladvancement:toachievehigherstatusinajob,secure
professionaladvancement,andstayabreastofcompetitors.
•Escape/Stimulation:torelieveboredom,provideabreakintheroutineof
homeorwork,andprovideacontrasttootherexactingdetailsoflife.
•Cognitiveinterest:tolearnforthesakeoflearning,seekknowledgeforits
ownsake,andtosatisfyaninquiringmind.

11. Unlikechildrenandteenagers,adultshavemanyresponsibilitiesthattheymust
balanceagainstthedemandsoflearning.Becauseoftheseresponsibilities,
adultshavebarriersagainstparticipatinginlearning.

12. •Lack of time
•Lack of money
•Lack of confidence or interest
•Lack of information about
opportunities to learn
•Scheduling problems
•Red tape
•Problems with childcare and
transportation

13. •Requirement for competence or
licensing
•An expected (or realized)
promotion
•A need to maintain old skills and
learn new ones
•A need to adapt to job changes
•A need to adapt to new systems
•The need to learn in order to
comply with company directives
What motivates adult learners?
Typical motivations include:

14. Therearefourcriticalelementsoflearningthatmustbeaddressedto
ensurethatparticipantslearn.Theseelementsare:

15. •Motivation -Instructors can motivate
students via several means:
–Set a feeling or tone for the lesson
–Set an appropriate level of
concern
–Set an appropriate level of
difficulty

16. •Reinforcement –instructors can
also motivate adult learners through
reinforcement.
–Positive Reinforcement
–Negative Reinforcement
When instructors are trying to
change behaviors (old practices),
they should apply both positive and
negative reinforcement.

17. •Retention –Students must retain
information from classes in order to
benefit from the learning.
The amount of retention will be directly
affected by the degree of original
learning. Simply stated, if the
participants did not learn the material
well initially, they will not retain it well
either.

18. •Transference –the ability to use the
information taught in the course but
in a new setting.
–Positive transference
–Negative transference

19. Transference is most likely to occur
in the following situation:
–Association
–Similarity
–Degree of original learning
–Critical attribute element

20. THANK YOU!