Principles of drug action

ppt

1. Pharmacodynamics ( Principles of drug action ) DR.K.S.LATHA

2. Principles of drug action basic types of drug action classified are stimulation depression irritation replacement cytotoxic action

3. Stimulation -refers to selective enhancement of the level of activity of specialised cells. eg adr.on heart , pilocarpine on salivary glands excessive stimulation depression Eg . High dose of picrotoxin Resp. depression

4. Depression- Selectivediminution of activity of specialised cells eg.barbiturates depress CNS quinidine depress heart some drugs stimulate one type of cells and depress the other type Eg.acetyl choline stimulates smooth muscle and depress the SA node

5. Irritation-- Non-selective often noxious effect – applied to less specialised cells (epithelium, connective tissue) eg . Bitters increase salivary and gastric secretion Counter irritants increaseblood flow. Strong irritantscause crrosion ,necrosis Replacement- - Use of natural metabolites, hormones or their congeners in deficiency states Levodopa in parkinsonism, Iron in anaemia,insulin in diabetes.

6. Cytotoxic action-for invading bacteria parasite, cancer cells,without effecting the host cells Used for cure /palliation of infections and neoplasms Eg Pencillins , chloroquin , zidovudine , cyclophosphamide .

7. Mechanism of drug action Drugs act by their physical or chemical property Bulk laxatives –physical mass Dimethicon – physical form opacity PABA-absorption of UV rays Activated charcoal adsorptive property Mannitol,Mg.So 4 –osmotic activity KMNO 4 – oxidising property Antaacids – nuetralisation of gastric activity

8.   MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION MAJORITY OF DRUGS INTERACT WITH TARGET BIOMOLECULES : Usually a Protein ENZYMES ION CHANNELS TRANSPORTERS RECEPTORS

9.   Enzyme Inhibition - Examples Equilibrium: Physostigmine Vs Acetylcholine (cholinesterase) Sulfonamides Vs PABA ( folate synthetase ) Moclobemide Vs Catecholamines (MAO-A) Captopril Vs Angiotensin 1 (ACE) Nonequilibrium : Orgnophosphorous compounds/Nerve gases (cholinesterase) Non-competitive: Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase ), Omeprazole ( HKATPase ) , Aspirin ( cyclooxygenase )

10. Transporters Substrates are translocated across membrane by binding to specific transporters (carriers) – Solute Carrier Proteins (SLC),ATP binding cassettes(ABC). Pump the metabolites/ions In the direction of concentration gradient or against it Drugs interact with these transport system Examples: Probenecid (penicillin and uric acid), Furosmide (Na+K+2Cl- cotransport ), Hemicholinium ( choline uptake) and Vesamicol (active transport of Ach to vesicles 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 11

11. Receptors Drugs usually do not bind directly with enzymes, channels, transporters or structural proteins, but act through specific macromolecules – RECEPTORS Definition: It is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on cell surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molecule/drug and initiate the response to it, but itself has no other function, e.g. G-protein coupled receptor 9/26/2010

12. Some Definitions Agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to produce an effect similar to a that of the physiological signal molecule, e.g. Muscarine and Nicotine) response Ra Ri RaA Ri

13.   Ion Channnels Proteins take part in transmembrane signaling and regulates ionic composition Drugs also target these channels: Ligand gated channels G-protein operated channels Direct action on channels Examples: Local anaethetics and Class I anti arrythmics act/depress Na+ channels

14. Antagonist: an agent which prevents the action of an agonist on a receptor or the subsequent response, but does not have an effect of its own, e.g. atropine and muscarine no response 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 14 Ra Ri RaB RiB

15. :  Partial agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to produce submaximal effect but antagonizes the action of a full agonist, e.g. pentazocine Partial response 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 15 RaC+Ra Ri+RiC

16. Enzymes Enzymes – drug targets -All Biological reactions are carried out under catalytic influence of enzymes – major drug target Drugs – increases/decreases enzyme mediated reactions - In physiological system enzyme activities are optimally set -Enzyme stimulation- is less common by drugs – common by endogenous substrates eg.Pyridoxine (cofactor in decarboxylase activity) Adrenaline stimulates hepatic glycogen phosphorylase ( hyperglycaemia ) throughß receptors and cyclic AMP Stimulation of enzyme increases the a ffinity for the substrate so that rate constant km of that reaction lowered Apparent increase in enzyme activity can occur through enzyme induction

17. Enzyme inhibition – common mode of drug action Enzyme Inhibition – Ex. Equilibrium: Physostigmine Vs Acetylcholine (cholinesterase) Sulfonamides Vs PABA ( folate synthetase ) Moclobemide Vs Catecholamines (MAO-A) Captopril Vs Angiotensin 1 (ACE) Nonequilibrium : Orgnophosphorous compounds/Nerve gases (cholinesterase) Non-competitive: Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase ), Omeprazole ( HKATPase ) , Aspirin ( cyclooxygenase )

18. FUNCTIONS OF RECEPTORS :  FUNCTIONS OF RECEPTORS To propogate signals from outside to inside To amplify the signal To integrate various extracellular and intracellular regulatory signals To adapt to long term changes in maintaining homeostasis

19.   Inverse agonist: an agent which activates receptors to produce an effect in the opposite direction to that of the agonist, e.g. DMCM on bzp receptors opposite response 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 16 Ra Ri+RiD

21. Non-receptor Mechanisms :  Non-receptor Mechanisms Actions on Enzymes Enzymes = Biological catalysts Speed chemical reactions Are not changed themselves Drugs altering enzyme activity alter processes catalyzed by the enzymes Examples Cholinesterase inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

22. Non-receptor Mechanisms :  Non-receptor Mechanisms Changing Physical Properties Mannitol Changes osmotic balance across membranes Causes urine production (osmotic diuresis )

23. TYPES OF RECEPTORS :  TYPES OF RECEPTORS 1.Ion gated channels 2.G- protein coupled receptors 3.Cellular receptors 4.Nuclear receptors 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 23

24. Non-receptor Mechanisms :  Non-receptor Mechanisms Changing Cell Membrane Permeability Lidocaine Blocks sodium channels Verapamil , nefedipine Block calcium channels Bretylium Blocks potassium channels Adenosine Opens potassium channels

25. Ligand : any molecule which attaches selectively to particular receptors or sites (only binding or affinity) Affinity: Ability of a substrate to bind with receptor Intrinsic activity (IA): Capacity to induce functional change in the receptor If explained Agonist: Affinity+ IA Antagonist: Affinity+ IA (0) Partial agonist: Affinity + IA (0-1) Inverse agonist: Affinity + IA (0 to -1) Drug Mechanisms : 

26. Ion channels :  Ion channels

27.   Ligand gated ion chanels Fastest intracellular responce , ms Binding of ligand - opening of chanel - ion (K+, Na+) in or out of cell - responce Ligands Fast neurotransmittors ex. Acetylcholine (nicotinic reseptors ) Nobel prize chemistry 2003, Roderick MacKinnon “for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels”. http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/2003/press.html G-Protein coupled receptor :  G-Protein coupled receptor Membrane bound receptors which are bound to effector system through G-proteins. These are hetero trimeric molecules having 3 subunits α,β and ϒ. Based on α- sub unit they are further classified into 3 main varieties Gs, Gi and Gq 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 26

28.   G-Protein coupled receptors G-protein: Guanine nucleotide binding protein