Principles of Growth and Development.pptx

This is a handout on Principles of Growth and Development. These slides are prepared for B.Ed. and B.Ed.Special Education students

1. Principles of Development BEDSE101 Human Growth and Development Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

2. Principles of Development Development involves changes Early development is more critical than later development Development is the product of Maturation and Learning The developmental pattern is predictable The developmental pattern has predictable characteristics There are individual differences in development There are certain periods in developmental pattern There are social expectations for every period Every area has some potential hazards Happiness varies at different periods Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

3. (I)Development involves changes What is the goal of developmental changes ? Self realisation or achievement of potentials . Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

4. Types of changes in Development Change in Size Change in Proportion Disappearance of old features Acquisition of new features Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

5. Change in size Physical Changes Height Weight Circumference Internal organs Mental Changes Memory Perceptions Reasoning Creative imaginations Problem solving Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

6. Changes in Proportions Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

7. Disappearance of old features and acquisition of new features Disappearance of old features Babyish locomotion and speech Fantastic imagination Babyish hair Milk teeth Acquisition of new features Second teeth Primary and secondary sex characteristics Moral standards Religious belief Reasoning Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

8. (II)Early development is more critical than later development An individuals maladjustment is rooted in unfavourable childhood experiences ( Sigmund Freud) What are the conditions affecting early foundations ? Nourishment and care Interpersonal relationship Emotional states Child training methods Early role playing Family structure Environmental stimulations Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

9. (III)Development is the result of Maturation and Learning Maturation : Unfolding of characteristic potentialities present in the individual Learning : Realising potential through training and effort Prenatal period comes mainly from maturation Maturation decides the readiness Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

10. (IV) The Developmental Pattern is Predictable Every species including human following a pattern peculiar to that species. Two laws to predict the direction of development Caphalo -caudal Law Slide 14 Proximo Distal Law Proximo –distal Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

11. Caphalo- Caudal Pattern Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

12. Proximo –distal Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

13. Cephalo-Caudal and Proximo-Distal Pattern of Development Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

14. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

15. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

16. Some environmental and physical conditions may accelerate or dalay the development Prenatal conditions : mother’s health thyroid, blood pressure, blood sugar, teratogens. conditions like –malnutrition, illness, seasons, emotional strain, lack of stimulations. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

17. (v)Developmental Pattern has predictable characteristics Developmental pattern is predictable and there are some similar characteristics Similarity in Developmental Pattern Development proceeds from general to specific Development is continues Different areas develop at different rate There is correlation in Development. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

18. Similarity in Developmental Pattern All children follow similar developmental pattern with one stage leading to the next. Stand before walk Babbling before speaking word Scribbling before writing Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

19. Development Proceeds in a General to Specific Pattern The child attains control over the gross muscles(big muscles) first then later only gets control over the finer muscles(small/specific muscles) In early stage the child uses entire body to do an action later uses specific parts only. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

20. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

21. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

22. Development is continues From the moment of conception till the womb the development continues But not in similar rate Every time development is not linear sometimes backward development happens Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

23. Different Areas Develop in Different Rate Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

24. (IX)There is Correlation in Development Rapid physical development is correlated with rapid mental development Cognitive development is correlated language developmet Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

25. There are individual differences in Development. Although the pattern of development is similar but children follow their on way. Some children develop in a smooth, gradual, step by step way but others move in spurts Some show slight swings some show wide swings. Internal Conditions + Individual Difference External Conditions Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

26. Physical Development Depends partly on hereditary potentials Partly on environmental conditions like food, sunlight, fresh air, climate, physical illness Intellectual Development Hereditary potentials Emotional climate, Encouragement and opportunities Personality Development Genetic factors Attitudes, social relationships(inside and outside home) Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

27. (VII)There are periods in the developmental pattern Even if development is a continues process it is always not linear. Some periods are characterised by rapid development and some are characterised by slow development. Some periods are of equilibrium and some periods are of disequilibrium. In equilibrium stage the child is making good adjustment and easy to manage. During disequilibrium stages adjustment is affected by internal or external conditions. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

28. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

29. (VIII)There are social expectations for every developmental period The social expectations are known as developmental tasks. The task arises at or about a certain period in the life of an individual , successful achievement leads to success with later tasks, failure leads to unhappiness and disapproval from the society and difficulty in attaining further tasks(Havighurst). Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

30. Stage Developmental Tasks Birth to 6 years 1. Learning to walk. 2. Learning to take solid foods 3. Learning to talk 4. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes 5. Learning sex differences and sexual modesty 6. Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality. 7. Getting ready to read Late Child 1. Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games. 2. Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism 3. Learning to get along with age mates 4. Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role 5. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating 6. Developing concepts necessary for everyday living. 7. Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values 8. Achieving personal independence 9. Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

31. Stage Developmental Task Adolescence 1. Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both sexes 2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role 3. Accepting one's physique and using the body effectively 4. Achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults 5. Preparing for marriage and family life Preparing for a career 6. Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior; developing an ideology 7. Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

32. (IX)Every area of development has potential hazards Even if the developmental pattern is progressing normally, there are some hazards in some areas of development. That interfere with normal pattern of development. Some of these hazards are environmental and some are internal. They cause for plateau in development. “The struggle that inevitably characterise all growth can generate utterly reliable talents as well as intractable problems”(Erikson). Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.

33. Reference Hurlock, E. B. (1949). Adolescent development. Santrock, J. W. (2002). Life-span development. Dr.Kavitha N Karun, Asst.Prof. Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida., Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi.