Principles of transportation engineering

It consists of different modes of transportation, Jaykar commitee, road patterns.

1. Module 1 Principles of Transportation Engineering Prof.Shweta N.Vantamuri Civil Engineering Department S.G.B.I.T. Belagavi

2. INTRODUCTION Mobility is a basic human need. Travels either for food or leisure. Transport of raw materials to a manufacturing unit or finished goods for consumption. “Transportation System” is used to refer to the equipment and logistics of transporting passengers and goods.

3. What is Transportation Engineering? of te c hn o logy and the Applic a t i on scientific planning, pr i n cip a ls to functional de s ign, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environ m enta l ly c o m pat i b le movement of people and goods. Defined as per ‘Institute of Transportation Engineer’(ITE)

4. The ev a lu at ion and a d vance m ent in T ransp or ta t ion f a c il i t ies have been closely linked with the development of human being. The economic status of any country depends upon the how well served the country is by different modes of transportation. For human need all the agricultural or industrial products need to transport at various stages from production to distribution Transportation is essential for strategic movement in emergency for defense of the country and to maintain low and order. © S. Das Importance of Transportation Engineering

5. Transportation system Diverse characteristics Multi-modal - air, land or sea Multi-sector - government, private industry, and public. Multi-problem - national and international policy, carrier management issues, regulatory, institutional and financial policies Multi-objective -Aiming at national and regional economic development, urban development, environment quality, and social quality. Multi-disciplinary - the theories and methods of engineering, economics, operations research, political science, psychology, other natural, and social sciences, management and law. © S. Das

6. Mode of Transport Railway Transportation Surface Underground Elevated Highway Transportation Air Transport Water Transport Ropeway Pipeline © S. Das

7. Advantage in Road Transport Among all road transportation is nearest to the people Low Capital Investment Flexible Service More freedom to users while travelling Ability to accommodate various types of vehicle at a time Quick and assured door to door service Faster and cheaper service particularly for short distance travel

8. Recommendations of Jayakar Committee ( 192 9 ) Chairman – M.R.Jaykar 1 . Tax on petrol should be levied to collect fund for road development work. 2 . A semi official technical body should be formed to act as advisory body on various aspect of road. 3. A research organization should be instituted to carryout research and development work.

9. Implementation of Jaykar committee 1. Central Road fund was formed in 192 9 . 2. IRC was formed in 1934. 3. CRRI was formed in 1950.

10. CENTRAL ROAD FUND (CRF)-1929 Central Research Fund (CRF) was formed on 1 st March 1929 The consumers of petrol were charged an extra levy of 2.64 paisa/liter of petrol to build up this road development fund. From the fund collected 20 percent of the annual revenue is to be retained as meeting expenses on the administration of the road fund , road experiments and research on road and bridge projects of special importance. The balance 80 percent of the fund to be allotted by the Central Government to the various states based on actual petrol consumption or revenue collected 4)The control of the expenditure is exercised by the Roads Wings of Ministry of Transport.

11. INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS (IRC): It is a semi-official technical body formed in 1934 . It was formed to recommend standard specifications. It was constituted to provide a forum of regular technical pooling of experience and ideas on all matters affecting the planning, construction and maintenance of roads in India. IRC has played an important role in the formulation of the 20-year road development plans in India. Now, it has become an active body of national importance controlling specifications, guidelines and other special publications on various aspect of Highway Engineering.

12. CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CRRI): CRRI was formed in the year 1950 at New Delhi It was formed for research in various aspect of highway engineering It is one of the National laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . This institute is mainly engaged in applied research and offers technical advice to state governments and the industries on various problems concerning roads.

13. Classification of roads Classification is done on following bases. According to traffic. According to transport tonnage According to importance. According to Location and functions. According to materials. Highway Development and Planning

14. 1.According to Traffic 2 .According to Transport tonnage

15. According to Material used Earthen road Water bound macadam Road Bituminous Road Cement concrete road

16. 1.National Highway (NH) Highway running trough length an breadth of India, connecting major ports, foreign highway, capitals of large state and large industrial and tourist centers including road required for strategic movement for the defense of India . NH7- Longest highway in India NH47A- Shortest Highway

17. 2.State Highway (SH) Arterial roads of States, connecting national highways of adjacent state , district head quarter and important cities in state and severing as the main arteries for traffic to and from district roads. NH and SH having same design speed and geometric design specification.

18. 3.Major District Roads MDR are important road within district .Serving areas of production ,markets and connecting them to main highway of district. Lower design specification than State Highway.

19. 4.Other District roads (ODR) These road are serving rural areas of production and providing them outlet to market and connecting those to taluka head quarters, other main roads. Lower design specification than MDR.

20. 5.Village roads (VR) These roads are connecting villages or group of villages to each other or nearest road of higher category.

21. Classification according to 3 rd road development plan According to Third road development plan classification is as follows Primary System Express way National Highway Secondary System State Highway Major District Road Tertiary System Other district road Village road

22. Classification of Urban road Arterial Road: High level traffic mobility Sub- Arterial Road: Low level traffic mobility compare to Arterial road. Collector Streets : Provide access to arterial road Collect and distribute traffic from local streets. Local Streets : Provide access to adjoining streets.

23. ROAD PATTERNS Rectangular or Block Pattern Hexagonal Pattern Radial or Star and block Pattern Radial or Star and circular Pattern Radial or star and grid Pattern

24. 1.Rectangular or Block Pattern Entire area is divided in to rectangular segments having common business area.

25. ADVANTAGE The rectangular plots may be further divided into small rectangular blocks for construction of buildings placed blocks to blocks having roads on their front. The construction and maintenance of roads of this pattern is comparatively easier . LIMITATION This pattern is not very much convenient from traffic point of view, because at the intersections, the vehicles face each other . Ex.Chandigarh

26. 2.HEXAGONAL PATTERN In this pattern, the entire area is provided with a network of roads formatting hexagonal figures. At each corner of the hexagon, three roads meet the built-up area boundary by the sides of the hexagons is further divided in suitable sizes. Advantages: 1)      Three roads meet the built-up area boundary by the sides of the hexagons. Limitations: 1)    Traffic signs, pavement markings, and lighting should be adequate so that drivers are aware that they should reduce their travel speed.

27.   3.Radial or star and Block Pattern In this pattern, the entire area is divided into a network of roads radiating from the business outwardly. In between radiating main roads, the built-up area may be planned with rectangular block. Advantage : 1)    Reduces level of  congestion at the primary bottleneck location. 2)    Prevents traffic from accessing local flow routes in the direction of the event venue that operate in favor of egress traffic flow. 3)    If one is block then other side traffic can move. 4)   Vehicles face each other less than block pattern Limitations : 1)    Proves particularly effective if two-lane ramp traffic does not have to merge at downstream end of ramp. 2)    Safety appurtenances such as guide rail transitions, crash attenuators, and post support bases have not been designed to provide adequate protection at hazardous locations from the opposite direction of travel

28. 4.Star and Circular Pattern In this system, the main radial roads radiating from central business area are connected together with concentric roads. In these areas, boundary by adjacent radial roads and corresponding circular roads, the built-up area is planned with a curved block system. Advantages: Traffic will not touch the heart of the city and it flows radially and reaches the other radial road and thereby reducing the congestion in the center of the city. This ring road system is well suited for big cities where traffic problems are more in the heart of the city. E.g.: Connaught place in New Delhi.

29. 5.Star and grid pattern It is very much similar to star and the circular pattern expects the radial roads are connected by grids. In this pattern, a grid is formed around the central point which is a business center. E.g. Nagpur road plan. Advantages: 1 )    Keep vehicular traffic safe with a high proportion of 3-way intersections. 2)    Reduce cut-through traffic by similar or other means. 3)    Improve traffic flow in both directions using Savannah’s cellular structure. 4)    Improve land use efficiency and unit density Limitations:  1 ) Islands separating the approach and exit lanes, known as splitter islands, should extend far enough. 2)    Traffic signs, pavement markings, and lighting should be adequate so that drivers are aware that they should reduce their travel speed