Print Culture and Modern world ch-5.pdf CBSE class 10th

Print culture modern world

1. UTKARSH ISHWAR

2. Inthischapterwewilllookatthe
developmentofprint,fromitsbeginnings44in
EastAsiatoitsexpansioninEuropeandin
India.
Wewillunderstandtheimpactofthespread
oftechnologyandconsiderhowsociallives
andcultureschangedwiththecomingof
print.
INTRODUCTION...

3. MAKING OF BOOK BEFORE
INTRODUCTION OF PRINT

4. THE FIRST PRINTED
BOOKS
Theearliestkindofprinttechnology
developedinChina,JapanandKorea,
calledhandprinting.
FromAD576onwards,booksin
Chinawereprintedbyrubbingpaper
againstinkedsurfaceofwoodblocks.

5. ACCORDION BOOK
ThetraditionalChinese‘accordion
book’wasfoldedandstitchedattheside.

6. CALLIGRAPHY
Calligraphyistheartofbeautifuland
stylizedwriting.
Superblyskilledcraftsmencouldduplicate
itwithaccuracy.

7. ForaverylongtimeChinaremainedthe
majorproducerofprintedmaterial.
Furtherthecivilserviceexaminations
expandedtheuseofprintmaterial.
Apartfromscholarsevenmerchants
startedusingprintmaterial.

8. Richwomenbegantoreadandpublishtheir
poetryandplays.
Newreadingculturewasaccompaniedbynew
technologyofWesternprintingtechniquesand
mechanicalpress.
Shanghaibecamethehubofthenewprint
culture.

9. PRINT IN JAPAN
Buddhistmissionariesfromchinaintroduced
hand-printingtechnologyintoJapan(AD768-
770).
TheoldestJapanesebook,printedinAD868,is
theBuddhist‘DIAMONDSUTRA’.

10. A PAGE FROM
‘DIAMOND SUTRA ’

11. Pictureswereprintedontextiles,playing
cardsandpapermoney.
InmedievalJapan,poetsandprosewriter
wereregularlypublished.
Bookswerecheapabundant.
Printingofvisualmaterialledto
interestingpublishingpractices.

12. PRINT COMES TO EUROPE
In1295,Marcopolo,agreatexplorer
returnedtoItalyaftermanyyearsof
explorationinChina.
Hebroughttheknowledgeofprinttechnology
backwithhimfromChina.
Luxuryeditionswerestillhandwrittenon
veryexpensiveVELLUM.

13. DemandforbooksincreasedandEurope
beganexportingbookstodifferent
countries.
Bookfairswereheld.
Scribesstartedworkingforbooksellers.

14. LIMITATIONS
Handwrittenmanuscriptscouldnotsatisfytheever-
increasingdemandforbook.
Copyingwasexpensive,laboriousandtimeconsuming.
Manuscriptswerefragile,difficulttohandleandcarry
around.
Theircirculationremainedlimited.
Thustherewasagreatneedforquickerandcheaper
production.

15. RISE OF PRINTING PRESS
JohannGutenbergwasthesonofa
merchantandgrewuponalarge
agriculturalestate.
Hebecameamastergoldsmith.
Hecreatedleadmouldsformaking
trinkets.
Headoptedthistechnologytodesignnew
innovations.

16. Theolivepressprovidedthemodelforprinting
press.
Mouldswereusedforcastingmetaltypesforthe
letters.
By1448,heperfectedthesystem.
Thefirstbookheprintedwas‘THEBIBLE’
with180copies.
Ittook3yrstoproducethem.

17. Bythestandardsoftimetheproduction
becamefast.
Butthisnewtechnologydidnotentirely
displacedtheartofproducingbooksby
hand.
Theshiftfromhandprintingto
mechanicalprintingledtothe‘Print
Revolution’.

18. GUTENBERG AND HIS
PRINTING PRESS

19. THE BIBLE

20. PRINT REVOLUTION
(MEANING)
Developmentofnewwaysofproducingbooks
Transformedthelivesofpeople.
Changeintheirrelationshipwithinstitutions
andauthorities.
Influencedpopularperceptions.
Openedupnewwaysoflookingatthings.

21. IMPACT OF PRINT
REVOLUTION
A.
•A NEW READING PUBLIC
B.
•RELIGIOUS DEBATES AND FEAR OF PRINT
C.
•PRINT AND DISSENT

22. A.NEW READING PUBLIC
Anewreadingpublicemerged.
Printingpressreducedthecost,timeand
labor.
Booksfloodedthemarket.

23. Commonpeopleliveintheworldoforal
culture.
Theyheardsacredtextsreadout,ballads
recitedandfolkstalesnarrated.
Accesstobookcreatedanewcultureof
readingamongcommonpeople.

24. Thetransmissionofnewreadingculturewas
easyastheliteracyratewereverylow.
Soprintersbeganprintingpublishing
popularballadsandfolktalesillustratedwith
pictures.
Theseweresungandrecitedinvillagesand
intavernsintowns.

25. AS A RESULT.....
Oralcultureenteredprintandprinted
materialwasorallytransmitted.
Thehearingpublicandreadingpublic
becameintermingled.

26. B. RELIGIOUS DEBATES
AND THE FEAR OF PRINT
Printcreatedthewidecirculationof
ideas.
Introducedanewworldofdebateand
discussion.

27. FEAR OF PRINT....
Manywereapprehensiveoftheeffectofwider
circulationofbooksonthemindofthepeople.
Rebellious&irreligiousthoughtsmight
spread.
Theauthorityofvaluableliteraturewouldbe
destroyed.
Thisanxietytothewidespreadcriticismof
printmedia.

28. EXAMPLE....
In1517,thereligiousreformerMartinLuther
wroteNinetyfivethesescriticizingmanyofthe
practices&ritualsoftheromancatholic
church
Thisleadtoadivisionwithinthechurchand
tothebeginningofthe‘Protestant
Reformation’.

29. C. PRINT AND DISSENT
Print&religiousliteraturestimulatedmany
distinctiveindividualinterpretationsoffaith.
Manocchioreinterpretedthemessageof
bibleandformulatedaviewofgod&creation
thatenragedtheRomanCatholicChurch.
Manocchiowasexecutedforhisheretical
ideas.

30. The Roman Church was troubled by such
effects of popular readings.
Thus they imposed severe controls over
publishers & booksellers.
The Index of Prohibited Books was
introduced from 1558.

31. THE MACABRE DANCE

32. THE READING MANIA
The literacy levels in Europe increased up
to 60 to 80 percent in 17
th
and 18
th
century.
High literacy level created new reading
public.
Booksellers employed peddlers to roam and
sell books.

33. PRINT CULTURE AND THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Many historians believe print culture created
conditions which led to French revolution. Such as:
A. Print popularized the ideas of enlightenment
thinkers which included critical commentary on
tradition, superstitions and despotism.
Voltaire and Rousseau were among the
prominent Enlightenment thinkers.

34. B. Print created a new culture of dialogue and
debate.
General public began to discuss the values,
norms and institutions and tried to re-
evaluate the established notions.

35. C.Bythe1780s,therewasasurgeinliterature
whichmockedtheroyaltyandcriticizedtheir
morality.
Printhelpedincreatinganimageofthe
royaltythattheyindulgedintheirown
pleasureattheexpenseofthecommon
public.

36. The nobility and the common people before the
French Revolution, a cartoon of the late eighteenth
century.

37. The Nineteenth
Century
The 19
th
century saw vast leaps in mass
literacy in Europe.
This brought a large numbers of new readers
among children, women and workers.
Manybookswerewrittenandprinted
keepinginmindthesenseandsensibilitiesof
children.

38. A PAGE FROM A BOOK FOR CHILDREN

39. Manyfolktaleswererephrasedtosuitthe
children.
Manywomenbecameimportantasreaders
aswellaswriters.
Thelendinglibrarieswhichhadbeenin
existencefromthe17
th
centurybecamethe
hubofactivityforwhite-collarworkers,
artisansandlowermiddleclasspeople

40. FRONTPAGE OF A MAGAZINE
FOR WORKING CLASS

41. BOOKS FOR WOMEN IN 19
TH
CENTURY

42. EARLY BOOK STORES

43. Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the
power-driven cylindrical press by the mid
19
th
century.
This could print 8,000 sheets per hour.
Offset press was developed in the late
nineteenth century.
This could print up to six colors at a time.
Further Innovations

44. Electrically operated presses came in use from
the turn of the 20
th
century.
This helped in accelerating the printing
process.
Many other innovations took place during this
period.
All the innovations had a cumulative effect
which improved the appearance of printed texts.

45. RICHARD M. HOE AND HIS
PRINTING PRESS

46. New Strategies to sell books
Many periodicals serialized important novels in
the19
th
century.
In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold
in cheap series, called the Shilling Series.
The dust cover or book jacket is a 20
th
century
innovation.
Cheap paperback editions were brought to
counter the effect of the Great Depression in the
1930s

47. SERIALIZED NOVELS AND SHILLING
SERIES OF 19
TH
CENTURY

48. DUST JACKETS OR BOOK COVERS
INTRODUCDIN 19
TH
CENTURY

49. India and the World of Print
ThePortuguesemissionariesfirstbrought
printingpresstoGoainthemid-16
th
century.
ThefirstbookswereprintedinKonkanilanguage.
By1674,about50bookshadbeenprintedin
KonkaniandKanaraLanguages.
CatholicpriestsprintedthefirstTamiland
Malayalambookin1579atCochinand1713
respectively.

50. From1780,JamesAugustusHickeybegan
toedittheBengalGazette.
ItwasfirstweeklyIndiannewspaper
broughtoutbyGangadharBhattacharya.
Hickeyalsopublishedalotofgossipabout
theseniorofficialsoftheCompany.
GovernorGeneralWarrenHastings
persecutedHickey.

52. WarrenHastingsencouragedthe
publicationofofficiallysanctioned
newspaperstoprotecttheimageofthe
colonialgovernment.

53. Print culture helped in initiating new
debate on religious, social and political issues
in India.
Many existing religious practices were
criticized.
RammohunRoy published Sambad
Kaumudifrom 1821 to criticize the orthodox
views in the Hinduism.

54. •Rammohun Roy

55. TheHinduorthodoxycommissionedthe
SamacharChandrikatocounterhisopinions.
In1822,publicationoftwoPersian
newspapersbegan,viz.Jam–i-JahanNama
andShamsulAkhbar.
BombaySamachar;aGujaratinewspaper
appearedinthesameyear.

56. InnorthIndia,theulamabegantopublishcheap
lithographicprintswhichcontainedPersianand
Urdutranslationsofholyscriptures.
Theyalsopublishedreligiousnewspapersand
tracts.
TheDeobandSeminarywasfoundedin1867.
Itpublishedthousandsuponthousandsfatwas
aboutproperconductinthelifeofMuslims.

57. •Ramcharitmanasof Tulsidaswas printed from
Calcutta in 1810.
•From the 1880s, the Naval KishorePress at
Lucknowand the ShriVenkateshwarPress in
Bombay published many religious texts in
vernaculars.

58. •RamcharitManasand Tulsidas

59. •Print helped in bringing the religious texts
within reach of the common masses.
•It also helped in shaping the new political debate.
•It also helped in connecting the people from
various parts of India; by carrying news of one
part to another.

60. New Forms of Publication
•Initially, people got to read the novels which were
written by European writers.
•But people could not relate to those novels
because they were written in the European
context.
•Many writers emerged who began to write in the
Indian context.

61. •People could correlate with the theme and
characters of such novels in a better way.
•Many other new forms of writing also came
into origin; like lyrics, short stories, essays
about social and political matters, etc.

62. •A new visual culture was taking shape by the
end of the nineteenth century.
•Many printing presses started to produce
visual images in large numbers.
•Works of painters; like Raja Ravi Varma
were produced for mass circulation through
printing.

63. •Works by Raja Ravi Verma

64. •By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons
were being published in journals and
newspapers.
•They commented on various social and
political issues.

65. Women and Print
•Many writers wrote about the lives and feelings of
women.
•Due to this, readership among middle-class women
increased substantially.
•There were many liberal husbands and fathers who
stressed on women’s education.

66. •While some women got education at home,
some others went to schools as well.
•This was the time, when many women
writers also began to express their views
through their writings.

67. •Conservative Hindus and Muslims were still
against women’s education.
•They thought that a girl’s mind would be
polluted by education.
•People wanted their daughters to read religious
texts but did not want them to read anything else.

68. •While Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi
print culture had developed early, Hindi
printing began seriously only from the
1870s.

69. •Very cheap small books were brought to markets in
nineteenth century Madras towns.
•These books were sold at crossroads so that poor people
could buy them.
•Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth
century which helped in increasing the access to books.
•Many rich people set up library in order to assert their
prestige in their area.
Print and the Poor People

70. Print and
Censorship
•Before 1798, the colonial rulers were not too
concerned with censorship.
•Initially, the control measures were directed against
Englishmen in India who were critical of Company
misrule.

71. •After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to
freedom of the press changed.
•The Vernacular Press Act was passed in
1878.
•
•The Act provided the government with
extensive rights to censor reports and
editorials in the vernacular press.

72. •In case of a seditious report, the newspaper
was warned.
•If the warning was ignored, the press was
liable to be seized and the printing machinery
confiscated.

73. THE END
A PRESENTATION BY UTKARSH