Problem solving

Psychology lecture

1. Problem-solving

2. What is problem solving? Problem solving is the act of defining a problem,determining the cause of the problem,identifying,prioritizing and selecting alternatives for a solution and implementing a solution . It refers to our ability to solve problems in an effective and timely manner .

3. Methods of problem solving: There are two methods of problem solving : Trial and error Insight

4. Trial and Error Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem solving.It is characterized by repeated,varied attempts which are continued until success or until the practicer stops trying. For example: Imagine moving a large object such as couch,or solving a maths problem.

5. Insight : Problem solving through insight is a sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another.Psychologists donot know how insight operates,but do realize that it can be a useful approach to problem solving.

6. Steps in problem solving:

7. Individual Factors in Problem Solving: Mental Set: A mental set is the fixed possible solution in one’s mind.It may be induced by immediately preeceding experiences,by long established practices or by reviving old habits. Past Experience: The more an individual’s relevant experience in a given field,the more concepts and generalizations he will have to the present one. Frustration and Stress: It has been found that stress and frustration cast adverse effect on learning.Stress is more of hindrance to problem solving when the solution requires a complex response.

8. Rules in Problem Solving There are eight rules of problem solving: Run over the elements of the problem until a pattern emerges Don’t jump to conclusions. Explore the environment. Produce the second solution after the first Critically evaluate your own ideas When stuck,change your representational system Take a break when you are stuck Talk about your problem with someone.

9. Strategies in problem solving Alogrithms : In this strategy every possible solution is tried until the correct one is found. For example: In an anagram three letters NFU would be rearranged until the correct solution FUN is found. Heuristics : A heuristic is a rule-of-thumb problem solving strategy in which a person selectively tests solution most likely to be correct. For example: We would most likely to try a vowel in middle to produce FUN without having to try all of the other solutions.

10. Barriers to Problem Solving Confirmation Bias This is about not following the problem solving method, and so introducing bias. This can be the result of missing steps out, or not using them correctly. Mental Set This comes from relying too heavily on heuristics-rather than actively looking for the best or simplest solution. Functional Fixedness This is about not thinking creatively. It is a narrow mind-set. Functional Fixedness comes from people thinking that an object has only one function. Unnecessary Constraint links to trying to solve a problem using previous experience of what has worked in a situation and trying to force it to work in the current situation, rather than looking for a new solution. Irrelevant Information This is information that is not needed to solve the problem.