Problematic soil

1. Problematic Soil

2. Contents
Definition
Types (chemically)
Acidic
Saline
Sodic
Alkaline
Causes
Solution
Types (Physically)
Fluffy paddy soil
Sandy soil
Hard pan soil
Water logging and seeping
References

3. problematic soil
Thesoilthatcausesadditionalproblems
fromtheengineeringpointofviewasa
resultofthecircumstances ofits
compositionorachangeinenvironmental
conditions.

4. AcidicSaline
Sodic
soil
Alkaline
Problematic soils
(Chemical)

5. ThesoilhavingPHlessthan7iscalledacidicsoil
ExtremelyacidicsoilhasPHbetween4-4.75
CausesofAcidicSoil?
Therearethreebasicthings(PNK)thatcause
acidicsoil.Thefirst,andmostcommon,issimply
thattheorganicmatterandmineralsthatbreak
downinasoilovertimeareacidicinnature,and
makethesoilacidic.Thisiscommon inpine
forestsandpeatbogs.
Acidrainalsobecomesacauseofacidsoil

6. Acid Soil
Solution
Addingpulverizedlimestoneordolomitelimestone
(whichhasmagnesiuminadditiontothecalcium
carbonatethatmakesupregularlime)isoneofthe
fastestwaystoincreaseyoursoil'spH.You'll
generallywanttolookforsomethingcalled"garden
lime"ortheabove-mentioned"dolomitelimestone"
foryourgarden.

7. Acidic soil
Acidic Soil

8. Thesoilwithexcesssalt(NaCl)iscalledsaline
soil
SaltSources
Thesesaltsoriginatefromthenaturalweathering
ofmineralsorfromfossilsaltdepositsleftfrom
ancientseabeds.
Salinesoilproblems
Itiscausedbytheaccumulationofsolublesaltsin
therootzone.Theseexcesssaltsreduceplant
growthbyalteringwateruptakeandcausing
imbalances

10. Saline Soil
Solution
There are two ways to manage saline soils:
First,saltscanbemovedbelowtherootzoneby
applyingmorewaterthantheplantneeds.This
method is called the leaching
requirementmethod.
Second,saltscanbemovedawayfromtheroot
zonetolocationsinthesoil,otherthanbelowthe
rootzone,wheretheyarenotharmful.

11. Sodic soil
Soilswithhighlevelsofexchangeablesodium(Na)
andlowlevelsoftotalsaltsarecalledSodicsoils
Causes:
Sodicsoilsmayimpactplantgrowthby:
1.)Specifictoxicitytosodiumsensitiveplants
2.)Nutrientdeficienciesorimbalances
3.)HighpH

12. Sodic Soil
Solution
Thereareusuallythreeoptionsfor
correctingsoil-relatedproblems:
changetheplantspeciestoamore
tolerantspecies
changethevarietytoamoretolerant
variety
changethesoil.

13. Sodic Soil

14. Alkalisoil
Alkali,oralkaline,soilsareclaysoilswithhighpH,apoor
soilstructureandalowinfiltrationcapacity.Oftenthey
haveahardcalcareouslayerat0.5to1meterdepth.
Causes:
Thecausesofsoilalkalinityarenaturalortheycanbe
man-made
naturalcauseisthepresenceofsoilminerals
producingsodiumcarbonate(Na
2CO
3)andsodium
bicarbonate(NaHCO
3)uponweathering
noothersourceofmanmadesodiumsaltsadditionto
theagriculturefields

15. Alkalisoil
Solution:
AlkalinesoilswithsolidCaCO
3canbe
reclaimedwithgrasscultures,organic
compost,wastehairandfeathers,organic
garbage,etc.ensuringtheincorporationof
muchacidifyingmaterial(inorganicororganic
material)intothesoil,andenhancing
dissolvedCainthefieldwaterbyreleasing
CO
2gas.Deepplowingandincorporatingthe
calcareoussubsoilintothetopsoilalsohelps

16. PROBLEMETIC SOILS
(physical)
Fluffy
paddy
soils
Sandy
soils
HARD
PAN
Surface
crusted soils
clay soils

17. Theyarecharacterisedbylowbulkdensity
ofthetopsoilresultinginthesinkingof
farmanimalsandlabourersaswellas
pooranchoragetopaddyseedlings.
Suchsoilscanbereclaimedby,passingof
400kgstoneroller.

19. Fluffy Paddy Soil

20. Thesizeoftheparticles
arethelargest.Itis
granularandconsistsof
rockand mineral
particlesthatarevery
small.Thetextureis
coarse..Sandysoilis
composedof60-70%
sand,20-25%siltand
10-15% clay.

21. Hardpanoccursinredsoilareasbelow15cm
depthduetothemovementofclayandiron
hydroxidesandsettlingatshallowdepth,
preventingtherootproliferation.
Thesesoilscanbereclaimedby
Chisellingthesoilswithchiselploughat0.5m
intervalfirstinonedirectionandtheninthe
directionperpendiculartothepreviousone,once
inthreeyears.

22. Hard Pan Soil

23. Thesoilsareweaklyaggregatedsoilstructureareeasily
brokenbytheimpactofraindropsresultinginthe
formationofclaycrustatthesoilsurface.
Theclaypanpreventtheemergingseedlingsandarrest
thefreeexchangeofgassesbetweenthesoiland
atmosphere

24. Surface crusted soil

25. soft clay soil
softclaysoilDefinedassaturatedclaysoilsthat
havelowvaluesofshearstrengthand
coefficientoftexturesalsohavehighvaluesfor
compressionandsecondarycompressionand
creepbehavior.

26. collapsible soil
Asoilwhichispossible
tobearhighstressvalue
lowsettlement.Incase
thatsoilexposedtohigh
amountofmoisturethey
quicklycollapseanda
highsettlementoccur.

27. Swelling soil
SwellingsoilIsthesoilthatgivesasignificantincrease
insizewhenabsorbedwaterasitgiveshighshrinkage
ratioattheexitofthewater.Theswellingratio
dependsonincreasingdrydensityandincreasethe
percentageofclay

28. DISPERSIVE SOILS
Dispersioncanoccurinanygivensoilwithahigh
percentageofexchangeablesodiumpercentage
(ESP),causinginternalerosionandeventuallypiping
throughembankmentdams.

30. Waterloggingreferstothesaturationofsoil
withwater.Soilmayberegardedaswater
loggedwhenthewatertableofthe
groundwateristoohightoconveniently
permitananticipatedactivity,likeagriculture.
Water Logging

31. Causes Of Water Logging
(3)-Impervious
Obstruction.
(4)-Inadequate
Drainage.
(5)-ImperviousSoil
(6)-Flat country
Slope

32. Water Logging

33. Prevention Of Water Logging
Therearemanyfollowingstepstocontrol
thewaterlogging:
Canal Closures
Lowering Full Supply Level
Lining Of Canals and water courses
Provision Of Intercepting Drains
Provision Of Surface Drains
Pumping
Plantation
Crop Rotation

34. Seepage of water

35. Pumping