Procedural Language/Structured Query Language

PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is a procedural extension for SQL developed by Oracle Corporation. It allows developers to write code that combines the flexibility of procedural programming with the powerful data manipulation capabilities of SQL. PL/SQL is widely used for creating complex business logic in Oracle databases, automating tasks, and improving database performance by reducing the overhead of multiple client-server interactions.

1. PL/SQL -
Introduction and
Basics
PL/SQL, or Procedural Language/Structured Query Language, is a
powerful programming language used to interact with and manage
relational databases. It extends the functionality of SQL by adding
control structures, variables, and more to create robust database
applic ations.
Name:G.Sai Teja
Sec:CSD-A
Roll No:23B81A6740

2. What is PL/SQL?
12
3
Oracle-Specific
Integrated Development
PL/SQL allows developers to write stored procedures, functions,
packages, and triggers directly in the database.
Procedural Extensions
PL/SQL adds procedural
programming capabilities
like conditional logic, loops,
and exception handling to
standard SQL.
PL/SQL is an Oracle-
proprietary language
designed to work
seamlessly with the Oracle
Database platform.

3. PL/SQL Blocks: Declaration,
Execution, Exception
Handling
1
3
2
Execution
Contain the logic and SQL statements that perform the
desired operations.
Declaration
Define variables, cursors, and other program elements to
be used in the block.
Exception Handling
Catch and manage any errors that may occur during the
execution of the block.

4. PL/SQL Lexical Units: Identifiers, Literals,
Operators
Identifiers
Names used to identify variables, constants, procedures, and other PL/SQL elements.
Literals
Fixed values such as numbers,
strings, and dates that are directly
included in the code.
Operators
Symbols used to perform
mathematical, logical, and other
operations on data.

5. PL/SQL Data Types and
Variables
Scalar Types
Basic data types like numbers,
characters, dates, and
Booleans.
Variable Declarations
Defining variables to store and
manipulate data within PL/SQL
programs.
Composite Types
Complex data structures like
records, collections, and
object types.
Type Conversions
Implicit and explicit type
casting between compatible
data types.

6. PL/SQL Conditional
Statements: IF-THEN-ELSE,
CASE
2
1
CASE
Provide a more flexible way to handle multiple conditions
and outcomes.
IF-THEN-ELSE
Evaluate a condition and execute different code paths
based on the result.

7. PL/SQL Loops: WHILE, FOR,
LOOP
LOOP
Create a basic infinite loop that can be exited with additional statements.
FOR Loop
Iterate a block of code a specific number of times.
WHILE Loop
Repeat a block of code as long as a condition is true.

8. Basic PL/SQL Programs:
Simple Calculation, String
Manipulation
Calculation
String Manipulation
Compute the area of a circle
given the radius.
Reverse the characters in a
given string.

9. SET SERVEROUTPUT ON; -- Enable output in SQL*Plus or SQL Developer
DECLARE
v_message VARCHAR2(100); -- Declare a variable to hold a message
BEGIN
v_message := 'Hello, PL/SQL!'; -- Assign a value to the variable
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_message);
END;
/
output:Hello,PL/SQL!
Program: