product development of a simple lifestyle product.pptx

product marketing comprised from the design and innovation thinking subject provided by college institution

1. Syllabus Implications of Product Architecture - establishing the architecture - creation - clustering - geometric layout development- Case studies. Fundamental and incidental interactions – Platform Planning- System level design issues - Secondary systems -architecture of the chunks - Creating detailed interface specifications-Case studies. Assessing the Need for Industrial Design- The Impact of Industrial Design-The Industrial Design Process Management of the Industrial Design Process- assessing the quality of industrial design. Case Studies. October 27, 2022 1 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

2. Modularity The most important characteristic of a product’s architecture is its modularity. October 27, 2022 2 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

3. A modular architecture has the following two properties: • Chunks implement one or a few functional elements in their entirety. • The interactions between chunks are well defined and are generally fundamental to the primary functions of the product. An integral architecture exhibits one or more of the following properties: • Functional elements of the product are implemented using more than one chunk. • A single chunk implements many functional elements. • The interactions between chunks are ill defined and may be incidental to the primary functions of the products. October 27, 2022 3 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

4. Modularity is a relative property of a product architecture. Products are rarely strictly modular or integral. Rather, we can say that they exhibit either more or less modularity than a comparative product October 27, 2022 4 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

5. Types of Modularity Modular architectures comprise three types: slot, bus, and sectional October 27, 2022 5 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

6. Slot-modular architecture: Each of the interfaces between chunks in a slot-modular architecture is of a different type from the others, so that the various chunks in the product cannot be interchanged. An automobile radio is an example of a chunk in a slot-modular architecture. Bus-modular architecture: In a bus-modular architecture, there is a common bus to which the other chunks connect via the same type of interface. A common example of a chunk in a bus-modular architecture would be an expansion card for a personal computer. October 27, 2022 6 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

7. Sectional-modular architecture: In a sectional-modular architecture, all interfaces are of the same type, but there is no single element to which all the other chunks attach. The assembly is built up by connecting the chunks to each other via identical interfaces. October 27, 2022 7 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

8. Product Change Chunks are the physical building blocks of the product, but the architecture of the product defines how these blocks relate to the function of the product. The architecture therefore also defines how the product can be changed. Modular chunks allow changes to be made to a few isolated functional elements of the product without necessarily affecting the design of other chunks October 27, 2022 8 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

9. Some of the motives for product change are: Upgrade Add-ons Adaptation Wear Consumption Flexibility in use Reuse October 27, 2022 9 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

10. Product Variety Variety refers to the range of product models the firm can produce within a particular time period in response to market demand. October 27, 2022 10 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

11. Component Standardization Component standardization is the use of the same component or chunk in multiple products. If a chunk implements only one or a few widely useful functional elements, then the chunk can be standardized and used in several different products Standardization allows the firm to manufacture the chunk in higher volumes than would otherwise be possible. This in turn may lead to lower costs and increased quality. October 27, 2022 11 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

12. Product Performance We define product performance as how well a product implements its intended functions. Typical product performance characteristics are speed, efficiency, life, accuracy, and noise. The practice of implementing multiple functions using a single physical element is called function sharing . An integral architecture allows for redundancy to be eliminated through function sharing October 27, 2022 12 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

13. Manufacturability The product architecture also directly affects the ability of the team to design each chunk to be produced at low cost. One important design-for-manufacturing (DFM) strategy involves the minimization of the number of parts in a product through component integration. However, to maintain a given architecture, the integration of physical components can only be easily considered within each of the chunks. Component integration across several chunks is difficult October 27, 2022 13 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

14. Establishing the Architecture Architecture should be established in a cross-functional effort by the development team. The end result of this activity is an approximate geometric layout of the product, descriptions of the major chunks, and documentation of the key interactions among the chunks. The steps are: 1. Create a schematic of the product. 2. Cluster the elements of the schematic. 3. Create a rough geometric layout. 4. Identify the fundamental and incidental interactions. October 27, 2022 14 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

15. Step 1: Create a Schematic of the Product October 27, 2022 15 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

16. A schematic is a diagram representing the team’s understanding of the constituent elements of the product. There are the functional elements of the product that have not yet been reduced to physical concepts or components Those elements that have been reduced to physical concepts or components are usually central to the basic product concept the team has generated and selected. Those elements that remain unspecified in physical terms are usually ancillary functions of the product. A good rule of thumb is to aim for fewer than 30 elements in the schematic October 27, 2022 16 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

17. Step 2: Cluster the Elements of the Schematic October 27, 2022 17 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

18. The challenge of step 2 is to assign each of the elements of the schematic to a chunk To determine when there are advantages to clustering, consider these factors: Geometric integration and precision Function sharing Capabilities of vendors Similarity of design or production technology Localization of change Accommodating variety Enabling standardization Portability of the interfaces October 27, 2022 18 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

19. Step 3: Create a Rough Geometric Layout A geometric layout can be created in two or three dimensions, using drawings, computer models, or physical models Creating a geometric layout forces the team to consider whether the geometric interfaces among the chunks are feasible and to work out the basic dimensional relationships among the chunks October 27, 2022 19 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

20. October 27, 2022 20 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

21. Step 4: Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions There are two categories of interactions between chunks. First, fundamental interactions are those corresponding to the lines on the schematic that connect the chunks to one another. This interaction is planned, and it should be well understood, even from the very earliest schematic Second, incidental interactions are those that arise because of the particular physical implementation of functional elements or because of the geometric arrangement of the chunks. October 27, 2022 21 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

22. October 27, 2022 22 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

23. Product Architecture A product can be thought of in both functional and physical terms. The functional elements of a product are the individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product The physical elements of a product are the parts, components, and subassemblies that ultimately implement the product’s functions. The physical elements become more defined as development progresses. Some physical elements are dictated by the product concept, and others become defined during the detail design phase. October 27, 2022 23 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

24. The physical elements of a product are typically organized into several major physical building blocks, which we call chunks . Each chunk is then made up of a collection of components that implement the functions of the product. The architecture of a product is the scheme by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact. October 27, 2022 24 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

25. Other terms for “Chunks” A ‘Chunk’ is made up of a collection of components that carry out various functions/sub-functions of the product. Other terms for “Chunks” or elements that make up a chunk Subsystem Cluster Module Building blocks ‘Interfaces’ connect these chunks together.

26. Architecture The Architecture of a product is the scheme by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact.

27. Architecture Decisions

28. Choosing the Product Architecture Architecture decisions relate to product planning and concept development decisions: Product Change (copier toner, camera lenses) Product Variety (computers, automobiles) Standardization (motors, bearings, fasteners) Performance (racing bikes, fighter planes) Manufacturing Cost (disk drives, razors) Project Management (team capacity, skills)

29. Architectures : Challenge X

30. Modular or Integral Architecture? Motorola StarTAC Cellular Phone Rollerblade In-Line Skates Ford Explorer Apple iBook

31. Modular Product Architectures Chunks implement one or a few functions entirely. Interactions between chunks are well defined. Modular architecture has advantages in simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform. Swiss Army Knife Sony Walkman

32. Trailer Example: Modular Architecture box hitch fairing bed springs wheels protect cargo from weather connect to vehicle minimize air drag support cargo loads suspend trailer structure transfer loads to road

33. Trailer Example: Integral Architecture upper half lower half nose piece cargo hanging straps spring slot covers wheels protect cargo from weather connect to vehicle minimize air drag support cargo loads suspend trailer structure transfer loads to road

34. Integral Product Architectures Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks, or a chunk may implement many functions. Interactions between chunks are poorly defined. Integral architecture generally increases performance and reduces costs for any specific product model. Compact Camera

35. Ford Taurus Integrated Control Panel

36. Modularity Modularity is a product development strategy in which interfaces shared among components in a given product architecture become specified and standardized to allow for greater substitutability of components across product families.

37. Types of Modularity with common interfaces Swapping Modularity Sharing Modularity Sectional Modularity Bus Modularity Fabricate-to-Fit Modularity Mix Modularity Adapted from K. Ulrich,” The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm”, Research Policy , 1995.

38. Modular vs. Integral Modular Integral

39. Example of Modularity K. Ulrich, “The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm” Research Policy, 24, 419-440 (1995)

40. Example of Modularity K. Ulrich, “The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm” Research Policy, 24, 419-440 (1995)

41. Example of Modularity K. Ulrich, “The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm” Research Policy, 24, 419-440 (1995)

42. Sony Walkman

43. Some Modularity Benefits Production of a great variety of end products from a limited number of building blocks Platform strategy permitting many product variants based on a stable architecture Facilitate changes to current and future products Simplifies parallel testing Serviceability Allows for parallel development of design teams Allows for outsourcing

44. Some Limitations to Modularity Cannot discriminate look alike products Increases the risk of competitors copying designs Generally increases unit cost ( more components), volume (size) or weight of the product More interfaces are less reliable (why??) Depends on the capabilities of designers

45. Product Architecture Example: Hewlett-Packard DeskJet Printer

46. Planning a Modular Product Line: Commonality Table Differentiation versus Commonality Trade off product variety and production complexity

47. Planning a Modular Product Line: Differentiation Table Differentiation versus Commonality Trade off product variety and production complexity

48. Supply Chain Issues of Postponing Differentiation

49. Examples of Postponing Differentiation Paint in Hardware Store Cake in Grocery Store Your experiences….

50. Product Configurators Satisfy customer demand by creating a product composed of a number of pre-defined components Select and arrange parts to fit product and operational constraints Requirements: Modularization Custom assembly operations Up-front engineering and testing

51. 10/27/2022 58 Modular vs. integrated architecture Modular Chunks implement one or a few functional elements in their entirety (each functional element is implemented by exactly one physical chunks) The interactions between chunks are well defined and are generally fundamental to the primary functions of the products. Integrated Functional elements of the product are implemented using more than one chunk A single chunk implements many functions. The interaction between chunks are ill defined and may be incidental to the primary functions of the products.

52. 10/27/2022 59 Differentiation Postponement (delayed differentiation) The timing of differentiation in the supply chain Modular components vs. final assembly for each model in the inventory. Two principles Differentiating elements must be concentrated in one or a few chunks The product and production process must be designed so that the differentiating chunks can be added to the product near the end of the supply chain.

53. 10/27/2022 60 Platform planning Trade-off decision between Differentiation plan Difference in product attributes from customer’s viewpoint Commonality plan The components which the product versions commonly share. Therefore, their physicals are the same across the products in the platform.

54. 10/27/2022 61 Guidelines for managing platform trade-off Platform planning decision should be informed by quantitative estimates of cost and revenue implications. Iteration is beneficial. The nature of trade-off between differentiation and commonality is not fixed. The product architecture dictates the nature of the trade-off. The team may consider alternative architectures to enhance both differentiation and commonality.

55. 10/27/2022 62 Related system-level design issues A recursive process Defining secondary systems Establishing the architecture of the chunks Creating detailed interface specifications

56. What is this?

57. Nail Clippers?

58. The concepts of integral and modular apply at several levels: system sub-system component

59. Product Architecture = Decomposition + Interactions Interactions within chunks Interactions across chunks

60. Audio System Exercise: Where are the Chunks?

61. Fundamental Decisions Integral vs. modular architecture? What type of modularity? How to assign functions to chunks? How to assign chunks to teams? Which chunks to outsource?

62. Practical Concerns Planning is essential to achieve the desired variety and product change capability. Coordination is difficult, particularly across teams, companies, or great distances. Special attention must be paid to handle complex interactions between chunks (system engineering methods).

63. The Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA) defines industrial design as “the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value, and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.” October 27, 2022 75 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

64. Dreyfuss (1967) lists five critical goals that industrial designers can help a team to achieve when developing new products: • Utility: The product’s human interfaces should be safe, easy to use, and intuitive. Each feature should be shaped so that it communicates its function to the user. • Appearance : Form, line, proportion, and color are used to integrate the product into a pleasing whole. • Ease of maintenance: Products must also be designed to communicate how they are to be maintained and repaired. • Low costs: Form and features have a large impact on tooling and production costs, so these must be considered jointly by the team. • Communication: Product designs should communicate the corporate design philosophy and mission through the visual qualities of the products. October 27, 2022 76 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

65. Who are Industrial Engineers? Industrial designers are typically educated in four-year university programs where they study sculpture and form; develop drawing, presentation, and model-making skills and gain a basic understanding of materials, manufacturing techniques, and finishes. In industrial practice, designers receive additional exposure to basic engineering, advanced manufacturing/fabrication processes, and common marketing practices. Their ability to express ideas visually can facilitate the process of concept development for the team. Industrial designers may create most of the concept sketches, models, and renderings used by the team throughout the development process, even though the ideas come from the entire team. October 27, 2022 77 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

66. Assessing the Need for Industrial Design To assess the importance of Industrial Design to a particular product, we first review some investment statistics and then define the dimensions of a product that are dependent upon good Industrial Design. October 27, 2022 78 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

67. Expenditures for Industrial Design October 27, 2022 79 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

68. Importance of Industrial Design to a Product Most products on the market can be improved in some way or another by good ID. All products that are used, operated, or seen by people depend critically on ID for commercial success. With this in mind, a convenient means for assessing the importance of ID to a particular product is to characterize importance along two dimensions: ergonomics and aesthetics. The more important each dimension is to the product’s success, the more dependent the product is on ID. Therefore, by answering a series of questions along each dimension we can qualitatively assess the importance of ID. October 27, 2022 80 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

69. Ergonomic Needs How important is ease of use? Ease of use may be extremely important both for frequently used products and for infrequently used products Ease of use is more challenging if the product has multiple features and/or modes of operation that may confuse or frustrate the user. When ease of use is an important criterion, industrial designers will need to ensure that the features of the product effectively communicate their function. October 27, 2022 81 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

70. Ergonomic Needs How important is ease of maintenance? If the product needs to be serviced or repaired frequently, then ease of maintenance is crucial. It is critical that the features of the product communicate maintenance/repair procedures to the user. However, in many cases, a more desirable solution is to eliminate the need for maintenance entirely. October 27, 2022 82 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

71. Ergonomic Needs How many user interactions are required for the product’s functions ? In general, the more interactions users have with the product, the more the product will depend on ID. Furthermore, each interaction may require a different design approach and/or additional research. October 27, 2022 83 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

72. Ergonomic Needs How novel are the user interaction needs? A user interface requiring incremental improvements to an existing design will be relatively straightforward to design, such as the buttons on a new desktop computer mouse. A more novel user interface may require substantial research and feasibility studies October 27, 2022 84 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

73. Ergonomic Needs What are the safety issues? All products have safety considerations. For some products, these can present significant challenges to the design team. October 27, 2022 85 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

74. Aesthetic Needs Is visual product differentiation required? Products with stable markets and technology are highly dependent upon ID to create aesthetic appeal and, hence, visual differentiation. In contrast, a product which is differentiated by its technological performance, is less dependent on ID. October 27, 2022 86 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

75. Aesthetic Needs How important are pride of ownership, image, and fashion? A customer’s perception of a product is in part based upon its aesthetic appeal. An attractive product may be associated with high fashion and image and will likely create a strong sense of pride among its owners. This may similarly be true for a product that looks and feels rugged or conservative. When such characteristics are important, ID will play a critical role in determining the product’s ultimate success. October 27, 2022 87 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

76. Aesthetic Needs Will an aesthetic product motivate the team? A product that is aesthetically appealing can generate a sense of team pride among the design and manufacturing staff. Team pride helps motivate and unify everyone associated with the project. An early ID concept gives the team a concrete vision of the end result of the development effort. October 27, 2022 88 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

77. Impact of Industrial Design Is Industrial Design Worth the Investment? The costs of ID include direct cost, manufacturing cost, and time cost Direct cost is the cost of the ID services. This quantity is determined by the number and type of designers used, duration of the project, and number of models required, plus material costs and other related expenses. Manufacturing cost is the expense incurred to implement the product details created through ID. Surface finishes, stylized shapes, rich colors , and many other design details can increase tooling cost and/or production cost. Time cost is the penalty associated with extended lead time. October 27, 2022 89 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

78. How Does Industrial Design Establish a Corporate Identity? Corporate identity is derived from “the visual style of an organization,” a factor that affects the firm’s positioning in the market A company’s identity emerges primarily through what people see. Advertising, logos, signage, uniforms, buildings, packaging, and product designs all contribute to creating corporate identity. When a firm enjoys a positive reputation, such visual equity is valuable, as it can create a positive association with quality for future products. Eg :- Apple Inc , Rolex Watch Co., BMW October 27, 2022 90 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

79. The Industrial Design Process most industrial designers follow a process for designing the aesthetics and ergonomics of a product. Although this approach may vary depending on the firm and the nature of the project, industrial designers also generate multiple concepts and then work with engineers to narrow these options down through a series of evaluation steps. Specifically, the ID process can be thought of as consisting of the following phases: 1. Investigation of customer needs. 2. Conceptualization. 3. Preliminary refinement. 4. Further refinement and final concept selection. 5. Control drawings or models. 6. Coordination with engineering, manufacturing, and external vendors. October 27, 2022 91 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

80. 1. Investigation of Customer Needs The product development team begins by documenting customer needs Because industrial designers are skilled at recognizing issues involving user interactions, ID involvement is crucial in the needs process. The search may be internal or external October 27, 2022 92 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

81. 2. Conceptualization Once the customer needs and constraints are understood, the industrial designers help the team conceptualize the product. During the concept generation stage engineers naturally focus their attention upon finding solutions to the technical subfunctions of the product. At this time, the industrial designers concentrate upon creating the product’s form and user interfaces. Industrial designers make simple sketches, known as thumbnail sketches, of each concept. These sketches are a fast and inexpensive medium for expressing ideas and evaluating possibilities. October 27, 2022 93 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

82. Thumbnail sketch October 27, 2022 94 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

83. 3. Preliminary Refinement In the preliminary refinement phase, industrial designers build models of the most promising concepts. Soft models are typically made in full scale using foam or foam-core board. Concepts are evaluated by industrial designers, engineers, marketing personnel, and (at times) potential customers through the process of touching, feeling, and modifying the models. October 27, 2022 95 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

84. 4. Further Refinement and Final Concept Selection At this stage, industrial designers often switch from soft models and sketches to hard models and information-intensive drawings known as renderings. Drawn in two or three dimensions, they convey a great deal of information about the product. Renderings are often used for color studies and for testing customers’ reception to the proposed product’s features and functionality. The final refinement step before selecting a concept is to create hard models . These models are still technically nonfunctional yet are close replicas of the final design with a very realistic look and feel. They are made from wood, dense foam, plastic, or metal and are painted and textured; October 27, 2022 96 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

85. A hard model October 27, 2022 97 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

86. 5. Control Drawings or Models Industrial designers complete their development process by making control drawings or control models of the final concept. Control drawings or models document functionality, features, sizes, colors , surface finishes, and key dimensions. October 27, 2022 98 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

87. 6. Coordination with Engineering, Manufacturing and External Vendors The industrial designers must continue to work closely with engineering and manufacturing personnel throughout the subsequent product development process . Some industrial design consulting firms offer quite comprehensive product development services, including detailed engineering design and the selection and management of outside vendors of materials, tooling, components, and assembly services. October 27, 2022 99 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

88. Management of the Industrial Design Process Industrial design is typically involved in the overall product development process during several different phases. The timing of the ID effort depends upon the nature of the product being designed. Technology-driven products: The primary characteristic of a technology-driven product is that its core benefit is based on its technology, or its ability to accomplish a specific technical task. The role of ID is often limited to packaging the core technology. This entails determining the product’s external appearance and ensuring that the product communicates its technological capabilities and modes of interaction to the user October 27, 2022 100 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

89. User-driven products: The core benefit of a user-driven product is derived from the functionality of its interface and/or its aesthetic appeal. Typically there is a high degree of user interaction for these products. Accordingly, the user interfaces must be safe, easy to use, and easy to maintain. The product’s external appearance is often important to differentiate the product and to create pride of ownership October 27, 2022 101 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

90. October 27, 2022 102 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

91. Timing of Industrial Design Involvement October 27, 2022 103 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

92. Assessing the Quality of Industrial Design Assessing the quality of ID for a finished product is an inherently subjective task. However, we can qualitatively determine whether ID has accomplished its goals by considering each aspect of the product that is influenced by ID 1. Quality of the User Interface 2. Emotional Appeal 3. Ability to Maintain and Repair the Product 4. Appropriate Use of Resources 5. Product Differentiation October 27, 2022 104 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

93. Design for Environment Every product has environmental impacts. DFE provides organizations with a practical method to minimize these impacts in an effort to create a more sustainable society. Just as effective design for manufacturing (DFM) practice has been shown to maintain or improve product quality while reducing costs practitioners of DFE have also found that effective DFE practice can maintain or improve product quality and cost while reducing environmental impacts Environmental impacts of a product may include energy consumption, natural resource depletion, liquid discharges, gaseous emissions, and solid waste generation. October 27, 2022 105 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

94. Design for Manufacturing Customer needs and product specifications are useful for guiding the concept phase of product development; however, during the later development activities teams often have difficulty linking needs and specifications to the specific design issues manufacturers face. For this reason, many teams practice “design for X” (DFX) methodologies Effective DFM practice leads to low manufacturing costs without sacrificing product quality October 27, 2022 106 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

95. DFM requires a cross functional team Design for manufacturing is one of the most integrative practices involved in product development. DFM utilizes information of several types, including (1) sketches, drawings, product specifications, and design alternatives; (2) a detailed understanding of production and assembly processes; (3) estimates of manufacturing costs, production volumes, and ramp-up timing. October 27, 2022 107 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

96. Overview of the DFM Process 1. Estimate the manufacturing costs. 2. Reduce the costs of components. 3. Reduce the costs of assembly. 4. Reduce the costs of supporting production. 5. Consider the impact of DFM decisions on other factors October 27, 2022 108 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

97. October 27, 2022 109 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Mepco Schlenk Engg. College

98. Industrial Design

99. Definition Industrial Design protection is provided for a shape, configuration, surface pattern, colour, or line (or a combination of these), which, when applied to a functional article, produces or increases aesthetics, and improves the visual appearance of the design, be it a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional article. As per Indian Law, under the Design Act of 2000, Industrial Design protection is a type of intellectual property right that gives the exclusive right to make, sell, and use articles that embody the protected design, to selected people only. Protection rights are provided for a period of 10 years. They can then be renewed once for an additional period of 5 years. Design protection provides geographical rights, like Patents and Trademarks do. To obtain Design Protection in India, the same has to be registered in India.

100. Qualification Criteria The pre-requisites for a design to qualify for protection are as follows: 1-) It should be novel and original. 2-) It should be applicable to a functional article. 3-) It should be visible on a finished article . 4-) It should be non-obvious. 5-) There should be no prior publication or disclosure of the design.

101. Design Protection In principle, the owner of a registered industrial design or of a design patent has the right to prevent third parties from making, selling or importing articles bearing or embodying a design which is a copy, or substantially a copy, of the protected design, when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes. Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of products of industry and handicraft items: from packages and containers to furnishing and household goods, from lighting equipment to jewelry, and from electronic devices to textiles. Industrial designs may also be relevant to graphic symbols, graphical user interfaces (GUI), and logos.

102. In most countries, an industrial design needs to be registered in order to be protected under industrial design law as a “registered design”. In some countries, industrial designs are protected under patent law as “design patents ”. Industrial design laws in some countries grant – without registration – time- and scope limited protection to so-called “unregistered industrial designs”. Depending on the particular national law and the kind of design, industrial designs may also be protected as works of art under copyright law.

103. Designs in action Design is where function meets form. From tables to telephones, industrial design is one of the key factors that attracts us to a product, or leads us to prefer using one product over another. Designing for business success A top manager at Procter and Gamble talks to WIPO Magazine about the role of industrial design in a successful product range.

104. Design and disability Design which takes account of users with disabilities often results in better overall designs. Design law and fashion Industrial design law is at the heart of the European fashion industry.

105. In some cases, a question may arise as to which type of protection to opt for; it is ambiguous as to whether industrial design protection, patent protection or copyright protection would be more relevant. For this reason, here is a detailed difference between patents, industrial designs, and copyrights, in order to give you a basic understanding of the main aspects of each.

106. Industrial Design Protection In India: The Designs Act, 2000 The Designs Act, 2000 ("the Act"), is a complete code in itself and protection under it is wholly statutory in nature. It protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian.  Section 2(d) of the Act , defines a Design as: "design" means only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours applied to any article whether in two dimensional or three dimensional or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manual, mechanical or chemical, separate or combined

107. , which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction or anything which is in substance a mere mechanical device, and does not include any trade mark as defined in clause (v) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (43 of 1958) or property mark as defined in section 479 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or any artistic work as defined in clause (c) of section 2 of the Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957).

108. Design Rights As in case of any other IP rights, the design registration also bestows a monopolistic right to the Proprietor by which he/she can legally exclude others from reproducing, manufacturing, selling, or dealing in the said registered design without his/her prior consent. The design registration is particularly useful for entities where the shape of the product has aesthetic value and the entity wishes to have exclusivity over the said novel and original design applied to its product(s) or article(s). In addition to the above, the design sought for protection must be new or original, i.e., not disclosed to the public in India or elsewhere in the world by prior publication or by prior use or in any other way. The design should be significantly distinguishable from designs or combination of designs that are already registered or pre-existing or disclosed to the public. Furthermore, the design should not include any scandalous or obscene matter or any feature that is purely functional in nature.

109. Why should one look into filing for Industrial Design? The outer appearance of a product makes it visually more appealing and attractive. This acts as a value-adding aspect, which in turn increases the marketability of the product. This leads to the need to protect your creation from third parties’ use, in order to prevent them from taking advantage of your rights in this world of competition. In many cases, the design itself becomes the identity of a brand. Some of the most famous examples are Coca Cola’s contour bottle, the contours of the iPhone/iPad/iPod, and the shape of the Volkswagen Beetle and the Mini Cooper. When a product’s design is protected, it stops illegitimate products from destroying the brand’s efficacy and safety. Protection of industrial designs also encourages creativity in the manufacturing and industrial sectors, which leads to an expansion in commercial activities.

110. The old saying goes ‘the first impression is the best impression’. In the case of a product, the first impression is inadvertently made by the appearance of the product, before the user even explores its functionality. In this era of creativity, aesthetics and presentation, the overall design and visual appeal of any product is very significant. Hence, the ability to design a creative appearance is a marketable talent in itself. So why not protect your creativity and efforts, without allowing others to use your novel creations? Think beyond just functionality, and look into eye appeal too!