Production of biocontrol agent for effective pest control.pptx

biocontrol agent for pest control

1. Production of biocontrol agent for effective pest control Organic Seed Production SST-602 Division of Seed Science and Technology IARI New Delhi Submitted by R. S. Jacob 12805 PhD 1 st year

2. Biocontrol agents Biocontrol agents are living organisms including parasites, predators and disease causing fungi, bacteria and viruses. These are natural enemies of pests, which can intervene in the life cycle of insect pests minimizing crop damage. Four types of biocontrol agents Macrobials are insects, mites, and beneficial nematodes that feed on pests Microbials are microorganisms such bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their derivatives. They can kill pests by direct infection, by out-competing them or by presenting a physical barrier Semiochemicals are chemical compounds emitted by plants and animals. They convey a message or signal that can modify the pest behavior, thus can be used as pest repellents, attractants or to prevent mating Natural substances extracted directly from plants, minerals, or animals, etc can repel and control microbes and insects

3. Mass-Rearing Procedure of Effective Predators Mass Rearing of Ladybird Beetle, Coccinella septempunctata An adult of ladybird beetle feeds on soft-bodied insect mealybugs, aphids. 5 pair of predators are released on 10 medium-sized potatoes well infected with aphids, placed in glass jar, E ggs deposited on potato tubers are peel off gently with the help of sharp blade and left for further development. The eggs about to hatch are placed in tube along with aphid as prey to prevent cannibalism and reared undisturbed for 2–3 days ( Jazem et al . 2013). Ladybird beetle deposited their egg masses in bunch at the sex ratio 1:1, female laying in the range of 1–25. Female and male predators survived ranging from 21 to 26 days and 24 to 29 days, respectively. In incubation over from 2 to 3 days, grub stages pass in four instars. Aphids’ consumption by every instar grub is 35, 63, 96, and 290, respectively, in lab conditions. The developmental period of the predator was completed from 16 to 21 days in the conditions of 23±2℃ temperature and 60±5% relative humidity.

4. Mass Rearing of Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri Mulsant Cryptolaemus is a promising predator for suppression of mealybug (Chacko et al . 1978; Mani et al . 1990; Singh 1996), scale insects, and aphids. Ripened pumpkin is taken and the outer surface is sterilized by 0.1% Dithane M-45 and dehydrated. Transfer of the newborn crawlers nymph of this pest above fruit for increased population on external surface of fruit in a dark room Completely infested squash fruit with pest is kept in a (30×30×30 cm) size cage wrapped by cloth from all sides with a glass door at front side. Uncover the squash of the adult for egg deposition; separate this subsequently for 2 days. Hatched grubs feed and develop on mealybugs. Full-grown grub pupation occurs in folded paper present at the bottom of cage and in the point of view of adult emergence collects pupae kept in another cage Development and rearing of this predator take place on a freeze-dried artificial diet in lab conditions (Venkatesan et al . 2001).

5. Mass Rearing of Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Aphidlion , Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), belongs to the order Neuroptera and family Chrysopidae which is an international predator; its incidence is found in different crop ecosystems extensively. Larval rearing: Larvae generally feed on frozen eggs of Corcyra moths. Nearly about 16,000 to 18,000 eggs, Corcyra eggs are necessary for rearing of 5–6 grubs of natural enemies Every cell of grub along with enough quantity prey is kept followed by wrapping with white paper for further development and pupation. After a week, cocoons gathered and are placed in different jars for appearance of adult. Freshly appeared adults are kept in caged jars with 20% solution of cotton swab and pollen grain of castor as food material for adult. Jars are protected by black wet cloths, since these prefer for deposition of eggs on black cloth. The stalked eggs are deposited on black sheet. The embryonic stage gets destalked with brushing having sponge pieces. The egg sheet can be stored at10℃ for 21 days On the 3rd day, eggs turn into brown and are ready to hatch.

6. Adult rearing: Mature stage shifts into pneumatic glass trough round feeding container having size of (30×12 cm) covered by brown color sheet which acts as egg-laying site. More than 250 numbers of adults are (approximately 60% female) permitted into every container and protected by whitish nylon cloth. Three places with three moist foam sponges and protein-containing food materials are placed for its consumption. Deposited stalked eggs on the brownish sheet are stored at 10℃ for up to 21 days. Need base transfer eggs mass in field; the egg deposited sheet is placed at normal condition and changing of eggs color brown and hatching occurred on the 3rd day. The freshly hatched grub of this predator is released in cottonfields at the rate of 20,000 to 40,000/acre for three to five times at 10-day timespan for the management of soft-bodied insect pests.

7. Mass Production Techniques of Effective Parasitoid Mass-Rearing Procedure of Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma Species Trichogramma species commonly called as wasp is an egg parasitoid of many lepidopteran insects-pests It is reared on the embryonic stage of rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica Corcyra moth fresh eggs are exposed in UV light for sterilization (15W for 30 min) for causing mortality of embryonic stage. These eggs are stuck on trichocard (30×20 cm) divided into 30 rectangles (7×2 cm); drawn lines contain uniformly fine layer of gum at the rate 6 cc on each card. 1 cc eggs will contain approximately 18,000–20,000 eggs. Card inserted into large polythene bags(45×30 cm) containing nucleus eggs card at the ratio of 1:6 to fresh eggs and exposed for 2 days. The adult parasitoid of Trichogramma species feeds with honeycomb applied in the inner sides of the tube that attaches compact with mark in cloth with elastic bands.

8. The card are changed subsequencing to 1 day, replaced with new fresh card. It is changed for 3–4 days till the survivability of female is capable of egg deposition. A female lays its egg mass on its host eggs, which turn black after 3 days of parasitization . At this stage, the parasitized eggs allow to release in field for fortnight interval kept in 10℃. The parasitoids appear a week after parasitization under normal temperature. When kept in cold condition, the cards are taken out and kept at normal condition for a day before allowing leaving in the field, the card is cut into smaller strips at proper lines and stapled lower side of leaf. Successful examples are 7–9 release of T. chilonis and T. japonicum at 1 lakh/ha starting at 30 days after transplanting for paddy stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas , and rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Plutella xylostella (Navik et al .2019).

9. Mass-Rearing Procedure of Larval Parasitoids, Bracon hebetor and B. brevicornis Bracon species is an external gregarious larval parasitoid, fully grown caterpillar of Corcyra cephalonica used as food material for mass rearing. The bigger end of chimney is wrapped in muslin cloth. Corcyra larvae are placed on the muslin cloth and tightly wrapped with another cloth tied up with the elastic band. Adult parasitoids soon after emergence are held in a glass jar and fed with raisins after mating; two adult females of Bracon are released to every one rice meal moth caterpillar through small side of the chimney that is wrapped with one more cloth. Female Bracon lay 8–12 eggs on the ventral side of caterpillars, and eggs hatched within 28–30 h. Larval and pupal periods are 3-4 and 2-3 days, respectively. Parasitized larvae separated after 1 day slowly with the support of forceps on paper plates to keep away from drop-down deposited on the external part of the host body. Parasitized larvae are left undisrupted up to the pupal stage after that remnant of the deadly caterpillar detached. Pupa is kept in a glass jar for the emergence of adults. Bracon hebetor is allowed to leave 8000 adults/acre against bollworm of the cotton crop (Mahdavi et al . 2013)

10. Mass-Rearing Procedure of Larval Parasitoids, Chelonus blackburni It is an egg and larval parasitoid; its mass multiplication occurred on a set of 100, and fresh egg mass of Corcyra (not exposed to UV) is stuck on card having 5×5 cm size. The card having eggs is exposed for newly emerged parasitoid C. blackburni adults in a plastic container at 100:1 to avoid super parasitism. Window with plastic mesh for air passing in vessel are present. First cotton swabs absorbed in 10% honey formulation are provided as food for adults, and second cotton swap absorbed in drinking water also keeps the inner side from opening which comes to end tightly with a cloth wrapped by cotton plug. In succeeding 1 day disclosed to C. blackburni , adult and parasitoid eggs are transferred into another jar having 500 gm sterilized cumbu medium. Within 1 month, the parasitoid developed inside rice meal moth larvae and spun small white cocoon adjacent to carcass of consumed host, and finally adults appear from the pupa prepared in the rearing cumbu mixture after finishing growth on meal moth caterpillar. Longevity of adult is 25 days, within that duration having 400-egg capacity.

11. Mass-Rearing Procedure of Pupal Parasitoids, Tetrastichus israeli and Trichospilus pupivora These are pupal parasitoids that can reared on pupa of coconut (BHC) Opisina arenosella , chickpea pod borer, tobacco caterpillar, Euproctis lunata and Ergolis merione , etc. fresh pupa of this host insect are transferred at the rate of 5/tube size of 15×2.5 cm. For Adult food purposes, every tube fills up 50% honey solution and transfers 30 females after mating in the tube. The newly appeared adult parasitoid consumed a small drop of honey on a wax-containing paper kept in vials. Newly converted pupae are provided for parasitization to the parasitoids. In the succeeding 2 days, parasitized pupae are shifted in the test tubes for the arrival of parasitoid, having gregarious natures which finish life stages in pupa of the target pests. Immature as well as resting stage completed within 6 and 8–10 days, respectively; Field transfer occurred at the rate of 20 adults/tree for coconut (BHC), Brachymeria nephantidis ( Chalcididae ), or Tetrastichus israeli or Trichospilus pupivora (Nor Ahya et al. 2019).

12. Entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringenesis has been largely used in economical production under which three subspecies have been commercially developed namely Bt. Kurstaki against caterpillar, Bt. israelensis against mosquito larvae and Bt. tenebrionis against larvae of the Colorado potato beetle . It can be easily produced in large fermenters in liquid culture. Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the two species of fungi that have been mostly studied. Both fungi have a broad host range and are relatively easy to produce. B. bassiana has been and is produced on a large scale by solid state fermentation, liquid state fermentation and di-phasic fermentation. Most of the products are based on conidia and hyphae on a granular substrate. Conidiophore are preferred over blastophores or hyphae because of their better survival in downstream processes and during storage, and for their superior persistence after application

13. Semiochemicals for controlling insect pests Monitoring: Monitoring strategy for evaluating the abundance of spruce budworm males Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens (Lepidoptera) based on pheromone baited traps in Canada. ( Rhainds et al . 2016) Monitoring tactics was applied for detecting the exixtence of two tomato pests, Bemisia tabaci and T. absoluta using sticky and water traps respectively. (Abdel- Razek et al . 2017) Mass trapping: Mass trapping as a chemical control strategy follows the monitoring steps for removing low pest densities of insects pests ( Knipling 1979, El-Sayed et al . 2006) his technique has been an effective management tactic for controlling the Japanese beetle , Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera). (Pinero and Dudenhoeffer (2018) Attract and kill: Attractiveness of ammonium carbonate as a general oldfactory cue combined with a five component apple volatile mixture has been used bin a red attracticidal sphere system for controlling the apple maggot fly (Morrison et al . 2016)

14. Mating disruption Four mechanisms of mating disruption are considered: competitive attraction (false trail following): semiochemical substances draw the attention of the males away from wild females thereby following a false trail, confusion of males (camouflage): confusion occurs due to saturation of the environment with semiochemical substances causing random flight patterns and thereby missing the female position and effectively blocking mating, sensory desensitization: adaptation of the male antennal receptor system or habituation of the central nervous system as a neurophysiological effect processing due to over-exposure to semiochemical substances (continuous and high background concentration), and disguise (emigration of males before mating): males emigrate from the area due to excess pheromone, causing them to be unavailable for mating with virgin females (Barclay and Judd 1995; Mafra -Neto et al . 2014).

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