production technology of brinjal

production technology of brinjal

1. Production technology of brinjal By r.Kousalya 2019534003

2. I ntroduction Common Name : Brinjal,Eggplant,Aubergine . Botanical Name : Solanum melongena Family : Solanaceae origin : India

3. Economic importance and uses • It is an annual crop cultivated all over India. • The fruits are available practically throughout the year. • Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus , iron and vitamins particularly ‘ B’ group . • Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein , 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters. • Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).

4. Dark purple brinjal has more vitamin C than those with white skin. • Bitterness in brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids . Generally, high amount of glycoalkaloids (20mg/100g) produces a bitter taste and off flavour. • Dry fruit is reported to contain goitrogenic principles .

5. Area and production In India it is well distributed in Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka , West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra and UP. Brinjal covers 8.14% of total vegetable area and produces 9 per cent of the total production .

6. Almost all the cultivars belong to the 3 main botanical varieties under the species S. melongena viz, 1.Solanum melongena var esculentum (round egg plant ) 2. S. melongena var serpentinum (long egg plant) 3. S. melongena var depressum (dwarf egg plant)

7. BOTANY Plant is erect, semi erect or prostrate, herbaceous and branched with around 1.0m height. Stem spiny or non spiny with or without purple pigmentation which is due to anthocyanin. Infloroscence is solitary or cluster of 2-5 flowers. Flowers are actinomorphic, hypogynous. Hermaphrodite with pistil surrounded by the stamens. F lowers are White, violet or pinkish in colour , depending on the cultivars.

8. HETEROSTYLY IN BRINJAL According to Krishnamoorthy and Subramanian (1954) there are 4 types of flowers in brinjal depending upon the length of styles (Heterostyly) Long styled with big sized ovary Medium styled with medium sized ovary Pseudo short styled with rudimentary ovary True short styled with very rudimentary ovary Fruit set in long styled flowers ranges from 60 to 70% whereas in medium styled flowers it is 12.5 to 55.6%. Short styled and pseudoshort styled flowers act as male flowers and there is no fruit.

9. Long styled with big sized ovary Medium styled with medium sized ovary Pseudo short styled with rudimentary ovary True short styled with very rudimentary ovary 1 2 3 4

10. CALYX 5 sepals Persistent United Pu besc ent COROLLA Corolla is lobed with different shapes and purple, light pink or white coloured 5 - 6 petals Gamopetalous

11. ANDROECIUM Stamens 6, stamens are free and form a loose cone surrounding the style, Small filaments attached to the base of petals (epipetalous ) GYNOECIUM Capitate stigma Ovary is bilocular with many ovules

12. Fruits: Pendant fruits, fleshy berry borne singly or in clusters. Color of the fruits can be purple, purple black, yellowish, white, green or striped. Seeds: Borne on fleshy placentae and it covers entire locular cavity

13. CO.1  : It is a pure line selection. Fruits are oblong, pale green with white backround . Fruits are soft seeded even at full maturity. Yields about 20-25 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 140-145 days .

14.       CO.2  : It is a pure line selection from Varikkathiri . Fruits are slightly oblong having dark purple streaks under  pale green backround without spines on the calyx surface. Fruits are soft seeded even at full maturity . Yields about 35 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 150 days

15. MDU. 1 (1979) : It is a pure line selection from kallampatti local. Fruits are round with large size each weighing about 200-250g;bright purple in colour with less seed content. Yields about 30 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 140 days. Preferred in Madurai and Trichy districts .

16. PKM . 1(1984) : It is an induced mutant of a local type ( Puzhuthikathiri ). Fruits are small with green stripes. Yields about 35 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 150-155 days. Adapted to rainfed condition.

17. PLR. 1 (1990): Reselection from Nagpur ecotype. Fruits are small, medium sized, purple in colour, egg shaped, dark purple and glossy in appearance. Yields about 25 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 135 -140 days .

18. PLR. (BR) 2  : Single plant selection from Sevanthampatti local.   Fruits are oval in shape, dark purple with pink tinge and glossy. Average yield 38t/ha

19. KKM. 1 (1995): It is a pureline selection from kulathur local. Fruits are born in clusters with 2-4, egg shaped milky white in colour. Yields about 37tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 130 -135 days.

20. TNAU BRINJAL VRM 1 : It is a pure line selection from Elavambadi village of Vellore District. Fruits are oval in shape, glossy pink in colour with green tinge in the distal end . Resistant to leaf spot,verticillium wilt and epilachna beetle. It is a cluster bearing type and yields about 40-45 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 140-150 days.

21. PPI (B)  : Single line selection from karungal local type. Fruits are lengthy pale green in colour, less seeded and bitter less . Yields about 50 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 185 days

22. COBH.1  : It is a hybrid between EP45 x CO2. Fruits are dark violet in color , higher ascorbic acid content (16.65 mg/100g). Yields about 56 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 120-130 days

23. COBH. 2  : It is a hybrid between EP65 x Pusa Uttam . Moderately tolerant  to shoot and fruit borer . Fruits are medium sized, slightly oblong and glossy violet in colour High yielding  (58 t/ha) in a crop duration of 120-130 days.

24. Annamalai This is an aphid resistant variety developed at the department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University. The fruits are oblong, deep purple in colour with a characteristic yellowish mark along the calyx border and a few thorns on the calyx surface. This is preferred in Cuddalore , Villupuram , Vellore, Thiruvannamalai and chengalpattu districts and Chennai market. It has a yield potential of 20-22 tones /ha.

25. IIHR VARIETIES Arka Unnathi High yielding bacterial wilt resistant variety  derived from  cross between Arka Kusumakar   X IIHR-3 . Fruits green long with fleshy green calyx . Yield: 34-36 t/ hain 90-110 days.

26. Arka Harshitha High yielding bacterial wilt resistant variety  derived from  cross between Arka Kusumakar   X IIHR-3. Fruits green long with fleshy green calyx. Yields  36-38 t/ha in 120 days

27. Arka Avinash High yielding bacterial wilt resistant variety  derived from  cross between ArkaKusumakar   X  long with fleshy green calyx. Yields40-42 t/ha in 95-115 days. Plants tall and spreading. Fruits -green

28. Arka Neelkanth Derivative of cross between Dingras Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel . Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles . Resistant to bacterial wilt. Yields: 43 t/ha.

29. Arka Keshav Derivative of cross between Dingras Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel . Fruits with red purple glossy skin with green calyx. Resistant to bacterial wilt. Yields 45 t/ha in 150 days

30. Arka Nidhi Derivative of cross between Dingras Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel . Fruits purple in colour.  Resistant to bacterial wilt. Yields 48 t/ha in 150 days.

31. Arka Shirish It is a pure line selection from IIHR-194-, a local collection from Karnataka. Fruits are green, extra-long with solitary bearing habit. Yield: 39 t/ha in 140-150 days.

32. Arka Kusumakar It is a pure line selection from IIHR-193, a local collection from Karnataka . Fruits are green ,borne in clusters. Soft texture with good cooking quality. Yields   40 t/ha i n 140-150 days

33. Arka Anand High yielding F1 hybrid developed by crossing IIHR-3 X IIHR-322 with resistance to bacterial wilt. Fruits are green, medium long with excellent cooking quality. Yield: 55-60t/ha in 145-150 days

34. Pusa Hybrid 9 Recommended Areas Gujarat and Maharashtra Average Yield 50 t/ha Characterstics Plants non-spiny with upright branches; leaves green with light pigmentation on younger leaves; fruits slightly oval, dark-purple, glossy with partially pigmented stalk and calyx, weight 250 g; first picking 55-60 days after transplanting.

35. Pusa Shyamla Year of Release 2004 (CVRC) Recommended Areas Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand. Average Yield 39 t/ha Characterstics Plants non-spiny with erect branches; light purple pigmentation partially on younger leaves. Fruits long, glossy, attractive, dark purple, each fruit weighing 80-90 g. First picking 50-55 days after transplanting.

36. Pusa Ankur Year of Release 1998 (CVRC) Recommended Areas Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Delhi, M.P and Maharashtra. Average Yield 35 t/ha Characterstics Fruits small (60-70 g), slightly oval, dark purple, glossy; first picking 45-50 days after transplanting.

37. Pusa Uttam Year of Release 1997 (CVRC) Recommended Areas Punjab, U.P., Bihar and Delhi Average Yield 40 t/ha Characterstics Plants non-spiny; fruits slightly oval, glossy, dark purple, medium sized (200-250 g); first picking 60 days after transplanting.

38. Pusa Hybrid 5 Year of Release 1994 (CVRC) Recommended Areas Gangetic and central plains, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Average Yield 52 t/ha Characterstics Plants upright, spineless; fruits long, medium sized, dark purple; first picking 50-55 days after transplanting.

39. Pusa Hybrid 6 Year of Release 1993 (CVRC) Recommended Areas Delhi, Haryana, U.P. and Punjab. Average Yield 45 t/ha Characterstics Plants upright, non-spiny; fruits round, purple, glossy, medium sized (200 g); suitable for autumn-winter;first picking 55-60 days after transplanting.

40. Soil • The brinjal can be grown practically on all soils from light sandy to heavy clay loam soils are good for an early crop, while clay loam and silt loam are well suited for higher yield. • Generally silt loam and clay loam soils are preferred for brinjal cultivation. • The soil should be deep, fertile and well drained. The soil pH should not be more than 5.5 to 6.0 for its better growth and development.

41. Climate • Brinjal is susceptible to severe frost. • A long and warm growing season with temperature range of 21-27°C is most favourable for its successful production. • Climatic conditions especially low temperature during the cool season cause abnormal development of the ovary (Splitting) in flower buds which then differentiate and develop into deformed fruits during that season. • Late cultivars, however, withstand mild frost and continue to bear some fruits.

42. Nursery • Raised beds should be prepared ( 7.5×1.2×10-15cm)and seeds are sown in rows of 7.5 to 10cm apart. • The seeds should be covered properly by a mixture of FYM and soil. • To avoid fungal diseases, the seeds should be treated with captan or thiram at the rate of 2g/kg of seed . • About 250-375 g seed is sufficient to cover one hectare of land with 30,000-45,000 seedlings. • The seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 4-5 weeks.

43. Preparation of land Soil is prepared to fine tilth by giving 4-5 ploughings. Well rotten organic manure (25t/ha) is incorporated into the soil well before the final preparation.

44. Spacing Depending upon the size and spread of plant three spacings are generally recommended 60×45, 75×60cm and 75×75 cm.

45. Nutrition It is a heavy feeder of nutrients and requires more nutrients for better yield and quality. F.Y.M requirements :-25 tonne per ha N:P:K-100:60:60Kg/ha Basal dose :- Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium. Top dressing :- remaining dose of nitrogen is applied after 30 days .

46. Irrigation It requires several irrigation for successful cultivation . Timely irrigation is essential for fruit set and its development. Usually the crop is irrigated weekly once for higher yield.

47. Weed control • It is essential to keep weeds under control from the initial growth itself. • Three to four hoeings are normally followed for effective control of weeds. • Orabanche is one of the serious weed affecting solanaceous crops in some areas. It is a root parasite and should be controlled effectively. • A pre-planting treatment of 1.0 kg ai /ha of fluchloralin followed by one hand weeding at 30 days after transplanting is effective.

48. Use of growth regulators and chemicals • Application of 2, 4-D (2ppm) at flowering induces parthenocarpy , increases fruit set, advances fruit maturation and significantly increases total yield. • NAA (60ppm) alone or in combination with BA(30ppm) applied on open flowers improved fruit set

49. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER Poor fruit set Due to presence of large number of pseudo short styled and short styled flowers Dropping of long and medium styled flowers Management Management: Spraying of 2,4-D (2 ppm) and NAA (60 ppm) at full bloom stage

50. PEST AND DISEASES

51. Fruit and shoot borer Bore leaf axil & main stem cover excreta & Frass . Young shoots wither & older plants stunted . Management: Remove and destroy the affected tender shoots, fallen fruits and fruits with bore holes Avoid continuous cropping of brinjal crop Resistant varieties: Annamalai and Pusa purple round Bacillus thuriengiensis var. kurstaki @ 1500 ml/ ha (750 lit of spray fluid) Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000/ ha, four times from 30 DAT at 20 days interval

52. Epilachna ( Hadda ) beetle Scrape & stripped to mid-veins –skeletons. Feed fruits hollow fruit surface . Management: Control by malathion 0.1% Locate resistant varieties Arka Shirish

53. LEAF HOPPER Suck lower leaves. Infected plants pale & finally bronze. Transmit little leaf. Leaves cup-Shaped . Control Spray carbaryl 0.1% or Dimethoate 30 % EC 7ml/10litre of water

54. White fly Hot and dry conditions. Suck the plants, turn yellow – honey dew – sooty mould Control yellow sticky trap @ 12/ha. Spray Neem oil 3% plus Teepol 1 ml/lit or spray NSKE 5 %

55. Damping off Effect both pre & post emergence stage of seedlings CONTROL Avoid over watering. Captan or Thiram 4% drench bed- 5-7 DAG 52˚c for 30min seed treatment. Bavistin spary @1g/kg

56. Phomopsis blight Small circular spots on leaves, grey turn to brown light color center. Leaves yellow & die CONTROL Treatment of seed with carbendazim @ 0.25% & 0.1% after 10 to 15 DAT &flower setting. Pusa bhairav & Florida market

57. Little leaf of Brinjal MLO like organism. Reduction leave size, excess growth of auxiliary branches & stunting plants. Floral parts convert to leafy structure. Transmit by leaf hopper . CONTROL Remove - affected plants - early stages & spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.0 ml/lit. to control the vector .

58. Harvesting and yield :- • Brinjal fruits are harvested when they have developed a good colour and marketable size, are still immature, tender and have not lost culinary qualities • Early crop normally yields 20-30 t/ha. While long duration crop yields 35-40 t/ha. Many F1 hybrids yield about 40-80t/ha.

59. Post harvest handling and packaging Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended three grades for Brinjal , viz., Super, Fancy and Commercial Fruits are washed under sprinkler Individually wrapped tissue paper, packed in waxed, corrugated or wire bound cartons, depending on market preference. packed in bamboo baskets and transported to nearby markets

60. Storage Stored for 1-2 days – summer. 3-4 days - winter season provided they are kept in shade under ordinary conditions. In cold storage, the fruits are stored for 7-10 days at a temperature of 7-10°C with 85-95% relative humidity

61. ARTICLES Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield parameters of Brinjal An experiment was conducted at Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.) during rabi season (2016-2017) to see the effect of INM on yield of Brinjal ( solanum melongena L.) cv. NDBH-6. International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(3): 1158-1160

62. DESIGN : Randomized Block Design with three replications. TREATMENTS: (T1 ) 100% RDF (100:60:40 kg/ha ) ( T2) 100% FYM (20 t/ha ) ( T3) 100% VC (3 t/ha ) ( T4) 50% FYM (10 t/ha) + 50 % VC (1.5 t/ha ) ( T5) 50% RDF (50:30:20 NPK kg/ha) + 50 % VC (1.5 t/ha ) ( T6) 25% RDF (25:15:10 NPK kg/ha) + 75% VC ( 2.25t/ha) ( T7) 50% RDF (50:30:20 NPK kg/ha) + 50% FYM(10 t/ha ) (T8) 25% RDF (25:15:10 NPK kg/ha) + 75% FYM(10/ha ) control (T9) (no use of fertilizer )

63. RESULT

64. DISCUSSION NPK promotes growth and increases biomass production, and nitrogen fertilization has been used to increase growth and yield of eggplant. In excess, NPK may have adverse effects on the vitality of plants. Extra nitrogen fertilizers cause changes in the shoot/root ratio and reduce mycorrhizal induction in soil. The reduced activity of roots can create a nutrient imbalance. The probable reason for enhanced fruit yield may be due to cumulative effects of nutrient (macro and micro) on vegetative growth which ultimately lead to more photosynthetic activities while, application of nutrient levels enhance carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism of pectic substances, as well as improve the water metabolism and water relation in the plants.

65. Efficacy of plant growth regulators on growth characters and yield attributes in brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) cv. Brinjal 3112 The experiment was carried out during kharif season 2013, Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh DESIGN:Randomized block design with three replications IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)

66. TREATMENTS T0- Control T1- 10 ppm GA3 T2- 30 ppm GA3 T3- 50 ppm GA3 T4- 20 ppm NAA T5- 50 ppm NAA T6- 1 ppm 2,4-D T7- 2 ppm 2,4-D T8- combinations of GA3, NAA, 2,4-D @ 10 ppm, 20 ppm and 1 ppm of 2,4-D).

67. D iscussion M aximum plant height and maximum number of leaves was found in T3 ( 50 ppm GA3).Because gibberellin can promotes the activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) which cause loosening of cell wall and increase cell permeability Maximum number of fruits/plant was found in T8 combinations of GA3, NAA, 2,4-D @ 10 ppm, 20 ppm and 1 ppm of 2,4-D ). Exogenous supply of growth regulators at critical stages of flowering and fertilization, ovary formation, fruit and seed development period etc. may enhance source to sink relationship, accumulation of photosynthates and efficient utilization of food reserves for the development of fruit.

68. Effect of Conservation Practices on Early Growth of Brinjal DESIGN Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 1409-1413 (2018)

69. T1- Drip irrigation with 100% ETc with no mulch T2 -Drip irrigation with 100% ETc with paddy straw mulch ( SM) T3 - Drip irrigation with 100% ETc with black poly mulch ( PM) T4 -Drip irrigation with 80% ETc with no mulch T5 -Drip irrigation with 80% ETc with paddy straw mulch (SM ) T6 -Drip irrigation with 80% ETc with black poly mulch (PM ).

70. DISCUSSION The increase in vegetative growth and root growth might be due to the fact that rate of water loss from soil surface through evaporation was much lower in case of PM than SM.

71. Studies on the application of different levels of water on Zero energy cool chamber with reference to the shelf-life of brinjal Design : Complete randomized block design with five replications. J. Indian Inst. Sci. , May–Aug. 2004, 84 , 107–111

72. TREATMENTS T1-100 liters per day T2-75 liters per day T3-50 liters per day T4- was storage in the open at room temperature.

73. The shelf-life of brinjal increased with increase in the addition of water up to 100 litres of water per day. The fruits were stored better in the cool chambers than at room temperature. At room temperature, the shelf-life was only up to three days, whereas in the cool chamber, it extended up to 9 days with the addition of 100 l/day . This might be due to optimum moisture content in the sand, which kept the fairly high relative humidity (RH) and reduced the temperature prevailing inside the cool chambers as compared to room temperature.

74. Effect of Growth and Yield of Brinjal ( Solanum Melongena L.) Grown Under Different Poly Mulches DESIGN: Complete Randomized Design Journal of Food and Agriculture 2015, 8 (1 & 2): 24 - 31

75. TREATMENTS

76. DISCUSSION Highest plant height was observed in straw mulch treatment. It was due to the availability of excess organic matter in straw mulch as compared to the treatments and decomposition of straw mulch by the microbes, had added more organic matter to the soil enhancing aeration and porosity . This would have helped to increase growth and development of root system and absorb more water and nutrients in straw mulched treatment

77. Silver poly mulch recorded the lowest pest incidence. This may have been due to the silver mulch providing a cooler soil environment and repellant ability of pest ( Leucinoides orbonalis )due to its colour (Lament, 1993). Reflected light seems to prevent pest from seeing the plants . The yield increases of the crops due to white mulch have been attributed to an increasing of reflected solar radiation

78. Thank you