Production technology of Citrus spp(horticulture )

Production technology of citrus spp
Introduction
Varieties
Propagation
Manures and fertilizers
Yield

1. Botanical name : Citrus spp
Family : Rutaceae
Origin : Tropical and
subtropical region of south east asia
Chromosome No. : 2n=18
Type of fruit - hesperidium
Production technology of citrus
fruits

2. Introduction
•A good source of vitamin P.
•A mild bitterness in the juice is due to the presence of
glucoside called Naringin which is said to have medicinal
values.
•India ranks sixth in the production of citrus fruit in the
world.

3. Composition and uses
•Moisturize and tone your skin
•Shield against cancer
•Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due
toflavonoidsandlimonoidscontained in the rind, and
most are juice-laden
• Rich source of essential vitamins
•Citrus fruits are a good source of vitamin C.
•A rind of citrus fruit contains rich in pectin and essential
oils.

4. Origin and Distribution
•Citrus fruits originated in the tropical and sub tropical
regions of South East Asia, particularly India and China.
•Citrus growing states in India Andhra pradesh,
Maharashtra , Punjab, Madhya pradesh , Gujarat,
Rajasthan , Karnataka , Orissa, Bihar, Assam.
•In Tamilnadu , citrus crops are mainly cultivated in
Coimbatore, Dharmapuri , Krishnagiri, Madurai, Salem
and Trichy.

5. CITRUS CROPS
The five commercially important citrus fruit crops are
•Lemon –Citrus limon
•Lime – Citrus aurantifolia
•Mandarin orange- Citrus reticulata
•Grape fruit – Citrus paradisi
•Sweet orange – Citrus sinensis

6. Name of the cropArea of productionvarieties
Sweet orange Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh
Pineapple, Jaffa, Hamlin,
Valencia, Late Campbell
Valencia
Mandarin orange Madhya Pradesh, A.P.,
North Eastern region,
Punjab, Rajasthan, U.P.,
West Bengal and Sikkim
Nagpur mandarin Khasi
mandarin Kinnow, Nagpur
mandarin and local
Darjeeling mandarin
Acid lime Andhra Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Karnataka,
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra
Kagzi lime, Indore seedling
Baramasi, Kagzi
lime,PKM1,Vikram,rasraj
Grape fruit Andhra pradesh PKM[ Jayadevi]
Lemon Gujarat, Andhra
Pradesh, U.P. Assam
Eureka Hill, Galgal Assam
lemon,eureka lemon.

7. •Soil and climate
The crop can be cultivated in both Tropical and subtropical
climate. It can be grown up to 1000 m above MSL. Deep well
drained loamy soils are best suited for the cultivation.
•Season
The planting is done from December – February and June –
September.
•Planting
Healthy seedlings are planted during June to December at 5 to
6 m spacing in 75cmx 75 cm x 75 cm pits.
•Irrigation
Irrigate copiously after planting. After establishment of the
crop, irrigation is given at 7 – 10 days interval. Water
stagnation should be avoided
Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia)

8. Manures and fertilizers per plant
N is applied in two doses during March and
October. FYM, P2O5 and K2O are to be applied
in October
Manures and
fertilizers
I st year Annual
increase
From 6
th
year
FYM 10g 5kg 30kg
N 200g 100g 600g
P 100g 25g 200g
K 100g 40g 300g

9. After cultivation
The branches of main stem up to 45 cm from ground level have to be
removed. Green leaves @ 30 kg per tree are applied once in 3 months.
Intercropping
Legumes and vegetable crops can be raised during pre-bearing age.
Growth regulator
To increase the fruit set, spray 2, 4 – D @ 20 ppm during flowering
stage. For fruit retention, spray 2, 4 – D @ 20 ppm or NAA @ 30 ppm
after fruit set

10. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)
•Varieties
Coorg Orange and Kodai Orange are most popular varieties of
mandarin
•Soil and climate
It is a subtropical crop growing at 500– 1500 m above MSL. A
rainfall of about 150 cm to 250 cm is required. The winter
should be mild and there should be no strong, hot winds during
summer. Deep well drained loamy soils are best suited for
cultivation. Soil pH should be between 5.5 and 6.5.
•Season
The planting is done from November – December.

11. Planting material
Seedlings and budded plants are useful for planting.
Spacing
Planting is done at a spacing of 6 x 6 m in pits of 75 x 75 x 75
cm size.Planting during May–June and September– October.
Growth regulators
To increase the retention of fruits, spray 2, 4 - D at 20 ppm or
NAA 30 ppm at flowering and again at Marble stages.
After cultivation
Remove water shoots, rootstock sprouts, dead and diseased
shoots. Remove laterals of the main stem up to 45 cm from
ground level. Basins should be provided for each tree with
gradient slope

12. Manures
and
fertilizer
s
I YEAR II YEARIII YEARIV YEARV YEAR VI YEAR
FYM 10.0 15.000 20.000 25.000 25.000 30.000
N 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600
P 0.040 0.080 0.120 0.160 0.160 0.200
K 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.300 0.400
Kkg/plant/year

13. •Growth regulators
To increase the retention of fruits, spray 2, 4 - D at 20
ppm or NAA 30 ppm at flowering and again at
Marble stages.
•Harvest
The budded plants starts bearing from 3 – 5 years
after planting, while in case of seedlings, it takes
about 5-7 years.
•Yield
The yield ranges between 15 – 20 t/ha/year

14. Sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)
•Varieties
The commercially cultivated variety is Sathukudi.
•Soil and climate
Deep well drained loamy soils are the best for the
cultivation of Citrus. The pH of soil should be 6.5 to 7.5 and
EC of water less than 1.0. A dry climate with about 50 – 75
cm of rainfall from June – September and with well defined
summer and winter season is ideal. Sweet orange comes up
well in tropical zone below 500 m. The extreme of
temperature are necessary for achieving higher yield.
•Season
The ideal season for cultivation of sweet orange is July to
September.

15. •Planting material
Budded plants are the best planting materials. (Root Stock -
Rangpur lime and rough lemon is mostly preferred).
•Preparation of field
Dig pits at 75 cm x 75 cm x 75 cm size at 7 x 7 m spacing. Fill
up the pits with top soil and 10 kg of FYM. Plant the budded
plants in the centre of the pits and stake it.
•Irrigation
Immediately after planting irrigate copiously. Irrigations may
be given once in 10 days. Avoid water stagnation near the
plant during monsoon and cyclone periods
•Intercropping
Legumes and vegetable crops can be raised as intercrop during
pre-bearing age to get additional income

16. Manures and
fertilizer
I Year (kg) Annual
increase (kg)
From 6
th
year
FYM 10.000 5.000 30.000
N 0.200 0.100 0.600
P 0.100 0.025 0.200
K 0.100 0.040 0.300
Manures and fertilizers per plant
Nitrogen has to be applied in two doses during March and
October. However Farm yard manure, Phosphorous and Potash
are to be applied in October

17. •Manures are applied in the basin 70 cm away from the trunk
and incorporated in the soil. Spray solution containing
Sulphate of Zinc (0.5%), Manganese (0.05%), Iron (0.25%),
Magnesium (0.5%), Boron (0.1%) and Molybdenum (0.003%)
once in 3 months at the time of new flush production. In
addition to that apply 50 g in each of Sulphate of Zinc,
Manganese and Iron per tree per year.
•Harvest
Yield of crop starts bearing from 5th year after planting and
the economic yield can be obtained up to 20 years after
planting.
•Yield
Depending upon the variety and season the yield of crop varies
from 25 to 30 t/ha

18. LEMON (Citrus lemon)
Climate
•Temperature – 20-25 degree celcius
•Rainfall – 75cm – 200 cm
•Sowing temperature- 20-25 degree celcius
•Harvesting temperature – 25-30 degree celcius
Soil
Lemons can be grown in all types of soils. Light soils having
good drainage are suitable for its cultivation. PH range of soil
should be 5.5-7.5. They can also grow in slightly alkaline and
acidic soils. Light loam well drained soils are best for lemon
cultivation.

19. Varieties
•Rasraj:Developed by IIHR. Yellow colored fruits content
70% juice and 12 seeds. Its acidity is 6% and TSS content is
about 8 brix. It is resistant to bacterial blight and canker
disease.
•Lisbon lemon: It is resistant to frost and high wind velocity.
Fruit are of medium size, having lemon yellow color with
smooth surface.
Lucknow seedless:Fruits are of medium size with yellow
color.
•Pant Lemon: Dwarf variety having medium size juicy fruits.
It is resistant to scab, canker and gummosis

20. •Time of sowing
The best season for planting is July-August.
•Intercropping:Intercropping with cowpeas, vegetables, french
beans can be done in initial two to three years.
•Spacing
Spacing between plants should be kept between 4.5×4.5. Pits of size
60×60×60cm should be dug for planting seedlings. 10Kg of
Farmyard Manure and 500g of single superphosphate should be
applied to pits while planting.
•Sowing Depth
Pits of size 60×60×60cm should be dug for planting seedlings.
•Method of sowing
Propagation
Plants are propagated by budding or air layering.
•Pruning and training
For proper growth of trunk of plant, Shoots in 50-60cm near ground
level should be removed. Centre of plant should remain open. Water
suckers should be removed at early stages of growth.

21. •WEED CONTROL
•Weed can be controlled by hand-hoeing and also controlled by
chemically, use [email protected] per 150 litre of water. Use
glyphosate only on weeds not on crop plants
•IRRIGATION
•Lemon requires irrigation at regular intervals. Lifesaving
irrigation should be given in winters and summers. Irrigation is
necessary for Flowering, Fruiting and proper plant growth. Over
irrigation may also leads to diseases like Root rot and collar rot.
High frequency irrigation is beneficial. Salty water is injurious
for crop plants. Partial drying out of soil in spring may not affect
plants.
•HARVESTING
•On attaining proper size, shape along with attractive color having
TSS to Acid ratio of 12:1, kinnow fruits is ready for harvest.
Depending upon variety fruits are generally ready for harvesting
in Mid- January to Mid- February. Do harvesting at proper time
as too early or too late harvesting will give poor quality.

22. Grape fruit(Citrus paradisi)
Climate
•dry and arid climate or subtropical where distinct summer and
winter.
•Annual rainfall -15 to 150cm
•Grown at an altitude of 500 to 1000 meters above
Soil
•Well – draining, deep, and free acting alluvial soils.
Propagation
•Commercially propagated by budding.

23. Planting
•Pits of size 660-75cm cube are dug at a distance of 6x6 to
8x8m
Irrigation
•It should be done at a interval of 10 days in summer and
at an interval of 10-15 days in winter.
Manures and fertilizers
•Generally fertilizers are given thrice in a year i.e
december-january, june – july, and september – october
•FYM is given in june – july or september- october.
•NPK – 600 : 400: 600 g/tree

24. Harvesting
Grape fruit flowers and fruits once in a year at the beginning of
spring (March ) under the north indian climate and fruits mature
after nine months in the following November and December.
Fruits are harvested when their colour turns from green to yellow.
Yield
•7-10years 200-300 fruits per tree.
•20years 500-1000fruits per tree.

25. Pest and Diseases
•Leaf miner: Foliar sprays either with quinalphos 1.25 ml or
fenvalerate 0.5 ml or monocrotophos 1.0 ml/litre of water at weekly
intervals on new flush as soon as infestation is noticed.
•Citrus black fly and white fly : One spray against adults and two at
50% egg hatching stage (I half of April & Dec. and II fortnight of
July) at 15 days interval either with acephate 1.25 g or quinalphos
1.5 ml or imidacloprid 0.5 ml/ litre of water.
• Citrus psylla: Foliar spray either with quinalphos 1.0 ml or
acephate 1.0 g or monocrotophos 0.5 ml/litre of water at bud burst
stage or as and when infestation is noticed during Feb, - Mar., Jun., -
Jul. & Oct, - Nov.
•

26. •Citrus thrips :Foliar spray either with dimethoate 1.5 ml or
monocrotophos 1 ml/litre of water at bud burst stage and berry
size fruits.
•Scale insects: Spraying of parathion (0.03%) emulsion,
dimethoate 150 ml and 250 ml kerosene oil in 100 litre of
water or malathion @ 0.1 % or carbaryl @ 0.05% plus oil 1 %.
•Trunk borer: Swabbing of tunnel either with dichlorvos
(0.1%) or carbaryl (1%) or monocrotophos (0.02%) kills the
grub effectively.
•Bark eating caterpillar: Plugging of larval tunnels with
cotton wad soaked either in dichlorvos (0.1%) or carbaryl
(1%) or monocrotophos (0.01%) effectively checks the pest

27. •Phytophthora Gummosis :Scraping of the affected area
and application of Bordeaux paste or copper oxifluoride
paste or ridomil + carbendazim.
•Citrus greening (HLB--Huang Long Bing): Removal of
infected branches/unproductive trees and their
replacement by disease-free plants. Application of
ledermycin 600 ppm with ZnSO4 and FeSO4.Meticulous
control of citrus psylla vector.
•Citrus tristeza virus: Control of aphids and use of cross
protected grafts and shoot tip grafted plants or disease
free grafts are recommended.

28. •Citrus canker: Cutting of infected twigs followed by
spraying of 1 % Bordeaux mixture or copper
fungicide. Foliar spray application of 100 ppm
streptomycin sulphate is also effective.
• Powdery mildew: Pruning of dead twigs followed
by foliar spray of wettable sulphur @ 2 g/litre, copper
oxychloride @ 3 g/litre of water in April and October.
•Anthracnose: Pruning of dead twigs followed by two
foliar sprays of carbendazim @ 1 g/litre or copper
oxychloride - 3 g/litre at fortnightly interval