Production technology of grapes

grapes complete package practices and variety

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GRAPES

2. Botanical name : Vitis vinifera Linn. Family : Vitaceae Origin : Armenia Delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits Rich in sugars, acids, minerals, vitamins and tannins The pigments of grapes are Anthocyanidins The fruits contain Tartaric acid and Malic acid 50 % of the total production of fruits in the world is contributed by grapes

3. Cultivation of grapes is known as Viticulture Study of wine from grapes – Viriculture Science of wine making – Enology Tartaric acid is commercial extracted from grapes Predominant sugar in grapes is fructose

4. VARIETIES Coloured seeded - Bangalore Blue and Gulabi (Muscat) Coloured seedless - Beauty Seedless and Sharad Seedless White seeded - Anab -e- Shahi , Dilkhush (clone of Anab -e- Shahi ) White seedless - Perlette , Pusa Seedless, Thompson Seedless, and its clones Tas-AGanesh , Sonaka and Manik Chaman Table grapes: Utilized either as a fresh fruit or for decorative purpose. They must have an attractive appearance, good eating quality, good shipping and storage qualities. e.g. Thompson Seedless, Beauty Seedless, Bangalore Blue.

5. Raisin grapes: acceptable dried product - raisin grapes. Seedless cultivars with high sugar content production yellowish or greenish raisins- Eg . Black Corinth, Sultan, Thompson seedless Juice grapes: The juice of some cultivars with muscat flavour produces an acceptable unfermented beverage when it is preserved by pasteurization other means, E.g. Bangalore blue, Beauty Seedless Wine grapes: Cultivars which have high sugar content and low acid with can produce wine is called wine-grapes. E.g : Muscat Canelli , Black Champa . Canning grapes: Seedless cultivars with white grapes with larger berries are preferred for canning. E.g. Thompson seedless, Pusa seedless, Perlette

6. SEEDED VARIETIES Anab -e- Shahi Bud sport. Bunches - large attractive oval berries which are pale green in colour. It is a late maturing variety. Bangalore Blue (Bangalore Purple) Highly resistant to anthracnose and powdery mildew diseases. It possesses labrusca blood i.e. it is a natural hybrid between V. vinifera x V. labrusca . This variety is suited for kniffin and bower systems of training. Cheema Sahebi (Selection No.7) The vine is vigorous with heavy yield. Dilkush It is a bud sport of Anab -e- shahi producing golden yellow enlongated berries in attractive bunches.

7. Paccha Draksha ( Bhokri ) It is grown in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu . Vigorous vines, heavy yield. Black Champa IIHR, Bangalore. The high quality purple coloured berries are highly suitable for table, juice and wine making. Champion The juice of this variety is highly flavoured having a TSS 21 brix and suitable for juice industry. Early Muscat This variety is medium vigorous and perform well on kniffin system of training. The fruits are green with good Muscat flavour. Gulabi ( Panneer Drakshai , Muscat) This is the most important cultivar for Coimbatore conditions . Vine is very weak, high tolerance to powdery mildew and anthracnose.

8. Hybrid Parents Distinguishing characters Arka Vati Black champa X Thompson Seedless Good for raisin making Arka Kanchan Anab -E- Shahi X Queen of Vineyard Late maturing and good quality Arka Hans Bangalore Blue X Anab -e- Shahi Suitable for white wines, berries with poor attachment Arka Shyam Bangalore Blue X BlackChampa Good for juice and wine making, suitable for double cropping in S.India Arka Neelamani Black champa X Thompson Seedless Table as well as red wine making Arka Shweta Anab -e- Shahi X Thompson Seedless Seedless and suitable for table purpose Arka Majestic Anab -e- Shahi X Black Champa Table purpose Arka Chitra Angoor Kalan X Anab -e- Shahi Table purpose Arka Soma Anab -e- Shahi XQ ueen of Vine Yard Suitable for making good quality wine Arka Trishna Bangalore Blue X Queeen of Vineyard Suitable for wine making Arka Krishna Bangalore Blue X Convent large Black Suitable for juice Pusa Urvashi Hur X Beauty seedless Suitable for juice and wine . tolerant to Anthracnose Pusa Navarang Madeleine Angavine X Ruby Red Teinturier , suitable for juice and wine Grape hybrids and their specific characters

9. Seedless varieties Thompson Seedless It is also called as ‘ Sultanina ’ or ‘Oval Kishmish ’ and is an introduction from the University of California, USA. It is commercially cultivated in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. TSS is 22-23 brix. This variety is suitable for bower and trellis systems of training. The berries are used for raisin making. Pusa Seedless Selection from Thompson seedless - IARI, New Delhi. It is used for table purpose and raisin making. Perlette It is a hybrid. The berries are medium in size, spherical and whitish green. Perlette has good keeping quality. Delight It is a sister seedling of ‘ Perlette ’. An early ripening variety with good Muscat flavour. It is a good table variety with good shipping quality. Beauty Seedless It is susceptible to pre-harvest berry drop. Beauty seedless is suitable for head system of training. Sarath seedless It is a selection from Beauty Seedless made by grapevine growers. Kish Mish ‘ Kishmish Beli ’ is a variety with berries which are small sized, elongated and golden yellow. ‘ Kishmish Charni ’ is with brick red.

10. Anab -e- Shahi

11. Bangalore Blue

12. Thompson seedless

13. Perlette

14. Muscat ( Gulabi )

15. Dilkhush

16. Beauty seedless

17. Saradh Seedless

18. Sonaka

19. Flame Seedless Superior Seedless

20. Exotic Varieties Red Globe Crimson Seedless Flame Seedless Italia

21. RED GLOBE

22. Crimson Seedless

23. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT Hot Tropical Region Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Northern Karnataka . 15° and 20° N latitude. Vines do not undergo dormancy Double pruning and a single harvest. Max. tem- 42°C & Min tem. 8°C. Major problems - soil and water salinity and drought. Thompson Seedless and its clones ( Tas -A- Ganesh , Sonaka ), Anab -e- Shahi , Sharad Seedless and Flame Seedless.

24. Mild Tropical Region 10° and 15° N latitude. Karnataka ,Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Max tempe - 36°C Mini temp about 12°C. Bangalore Blue, Anab -e- Shahi , Gulabi and Bhokri Thompson Seedless is grown only limited success. A long warm, to hot dry summer-proper maturity & ripening Rainless period during – Nov to Jun. Early December pruning – Sweet crop during April. Summer pruning (May)- Slightly sour crop during September.

25. SOIL REQUIREMENT Grown on a wide variety of soil. A well drained sandy loam soil with good WHC. PH - 6.7 to 7.5 EC not more then 4 mmhos /cm. ESP <15% Soil depth should be 0.6 m.

26. Moisture stress → 3 weeks after anthesis → berry set and size , resulting in poor yield. Moisture stress → berry development period → delayed maturity ,poor colour, reduced berry size. Dogridge is a suitable rootstock for moisture stress condition.

27. PROPAGATION Multiplication on own roots Hardwood cuttings September or October – mature canes 20-30 cm length,3-4 nodes and thickness of 8-10 mm. Soaked in running water for 24 hours – inhibitors IBA @2000 ppm for five minutes In situ planting – soil drenching with chlorophyriphos 0.1% termities

28. RAISING ON ROOTSTOCKS Hardwood cuttings-rootstock Polybags of 15×25 cm Rooted cuttings –planted during February – March The desired scion variety is then grafted/budded on the rootstocks in the field Wedge grafting is more common and the best time for September-October Chip budding - June-July

29. Rootstocks Rootstocks are employed for grapes to overcome salinity, nematode damage and to impart vigour to vines. Phylloxera resistant root stock - Vitis riparia , V. rupestris , Teleki 5-A and St. George. Nematode resistant root stock - 1613 , Salt creek, Freedom and Harmony. Saline tolerant - 1616, 1613 Solanis , Ramsay, Dogridge and Rupestris du hot. Drought tolerant - 110 Richter, 140 Ruggeri, 99 Richter and 1103 Panlsen , Dogridge .

30. ESTABLISHMENT OF VINEYARDS

31. Land Preparation and Vine Establishment Pit size 60×60×60 cm are dug and refilled after 10 days. Top soil mixed with 20 kg FYM + 500 g P 2 O 5 + 500 g K 2 O + 1 kg Neem cake. One year old rooted cuttings are planted. PLANTING SYSTEM Square system – vigorous varieties. Rectangular system – less vigorous varieties. PLANTING SEASON Best season for planting the rooted cuttings is September-October. Rootstocks is February-March. Tamil Nadu – June to January.

32. SPACING Vigorous varieties - 6 m x 3 m or 4 m x 3 m. Less vigorous varieties - 3 m x 3 m or 3 m x 2 m. Specific example Variety Spacing Muscat 3 x 2 m Thompson seedless 1.8 x 2.5 or 3.0 m Other varieties 3 x 4 m

33. Training Numerous systems for training grape vine – head, kniffin , trellis and bower system of training. Choice of training systems depends on many factors such as apical dominanace , vine- vigour , cultivars, bearing zone and climate . In Tamil Nadu, the grapevine is trained over Pandal of 2 m height . In some areas, like stakes of commiphera ( Killuvai ) are used for erecting the bowers, in the middle of which the vine is set out. Recently stone and cement concrete pillars or even G.I. tubes are being used by the growers.

34. The technical terms used in viticulture are as follows: Trunk - is the main stem of the plant. Arm - is the branching vine from the trunk . Shoot - is the young growth of current season . Cane - is the matured shoot of past season . Spur - is that portion of cane left behind on the vine when it is pruned. Fruiting spur - spur with 3 or more buds meant for bearing fruits . Foundation spur (or) renewal spur - spur with only one bud for giving shoot for next crop .

35. Head System

36. Advantages Simplicity in shape Ease in training In expensive to establish Possibility of cross cultivation Dis-advantages The vines are slow to come to full production Increased possibility of bunch rot and poor colour The bud and flower drop is maximum compared to other systems.

37. Pandal System ( Arbour , Pergola, Mandwa , Over head or Bower system)

38. High productive potential, bower was a very popular system of training in the past. It is highly suited for vigorous varieties like Anab -e- Shahi , Bangalore Blue and Gulabi . Varieties like Thompson Seedless and Tas -A- Ganesh where vine vigour and excessive foliage density affects the productivity adversely, this system is not popular.

39. Advantages Greater spread of the vines . Better exposure of the foliage to the sun, resulting in better maturity of the canes. Higher production . More uniform bunch colour Superior quality of fruits, which are free from sunscald . The vines in general give uniform performance It gives good protection to the canes against hot desiccating winds with ease in bird scaring. Dis advantages It is the most expensive than all other systems Pruning, training and spraying operations become difficult The spraying material cannot reach effectively the leaves and shoots.

40. Telephone system (Overhead trellis / Telephone trellis system)

41. Advantages Greater spread of the vine Better exposure of the foliage to the sun resulting in the better maturity of canes. Higher production More uniform bunch colour Superior quality of fruits free from sunscald Vines in general give more uniform performance. Dis advantages Cost of establishment is high. At present rates it may cost 60-70 thousand rupees . It is a system difficult to develop i.e. vine training needs a lot of skill and effort. Not suitable for vines making low to moderate growth .

42. Kniffin System (Espalier system)

43. Advantages This system is cheaper when compared with bower system . It is a good system for obtaining full crop on vines, the basal buds on the canes of which are sterile and which require long cane pruning. The average yields are 10-15 kg per vine when planted at 3.0 mx3.0 m spacing.

44. Disadvantages Cultivation is possible in one way The lower arms become unproductive after some years. The arms produce fruiting wood mainly at the extreme ends only. From the pruning point of view, it is very difficult and exacting system. Its cost of establishment is about 50-60 thousand rupees per hectare. This system is mainly confined to research institutes and it is not popular with the farmers in any of the regions of the country.

45. Pruning of grapes The vines are pruned at the end of 11 to 12 months from planting for the pandal trained vines. At the end of 18 months , the vine is ready for pruning for fruit . The pruning consists of mainly thinning out and heading back. Generally, in medium to vigorous cultivar , 50 % canes are to be headed back to 9 bud level ; the fruiting spurs are moved quite away from the centre of the vine .

46. Methods of pruning In Tamil Nadu, the vines are pruned twice a year ‘; pruning in December-January and harvesting in April-May (summer crop) and Pruning in May-June and harvesting in August- September (monsoon crop). In some areas, it is staggered throughout the year in order to have succession of crops for every five months . However , pruning is done only once in North India during the month of January , while in south India in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharastra , twice a year, once in summer and again in winter. Summer pruning is done during March - April and the canes are cut back to 1-2 bud level for vegetative growth. It is also called back pruning‘ or growth pruning‘. Winter pruning is done during last week of September- October at fruit bud level.

47. A. Summer pruning It is done during March – April in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka , but in June in Tamil Nadu . In this pruning, the canes are cut back to one or two bud level for building up the fresh vegetative growth and to build framework. Hence, it is called ‘ back pruning’ or ‘growth pruning ’. The dried canes are also removed.

48. B. Winter pruning Vines which have attained the age of one year can be subjected to this Pruning during December in Tamil Nadu. The mature (about 6 months old) current season canes are pruned. The entire foliage and immature shoots are removed. Levels of pruning differ with varieties and can be ascertained by bud forecasting . In general, Anab -e- Shahi and Bhokri are pruned to 5 bud level , Thompson Seedless 10 buds , Bangalore Blue 4 buds and Gulabi 9 buds . An ideal cane for pruning is of pencil thickness . More number of buds is retained on thicker canes and less on thinner ones. This is done to get fruiting canes. This pruning is also called ‘fruit pruning’ (or) ‘forward pruning ’

49. Hot tropical region Under tropical condition grapevine grows continuously. All canes in a vine are pruned back to single node spurs in March-May to develop canes. Forward pruned in October-November for fruiting. The prevailing pruning practices in India can be broadly grouped into the following categories: Single Pruning - Single cropping Double pruning - Single cropping Double pruning - Double cropping ( Shikamany , 2001)

50. Mild tropical region Vines are pruned twice and the crop is harvested twice. In varieties like Gulabi and Bangalore Blue . - Fairly resistant to rain damage - Fruit bud differentiation is not impaired by cloudy weather and rains pruning is done at any time of the year. - As a result, five crops are harvested every two years.       In T.N, the grapes vines are pruned twice in a year.   Pruning season        Harvesting Season Dec – Jan      April – May May – June      Sep-Oct

51. Number of buds to be retained for different varieties Bangalore Blue : 3-4 buds Gulabi : 10-12 buds Thompson Seedless : 10-14 buds Beauty Seedless : 4-5 buds Anab -e- shahi : 4-8 buds Muscat and Pachadraksha : 5-6 buds

52. Dormancy breaking chemical – Dormex Bud breaking in North India – Hydrogen Cynamide (HCN) – 1.5%. -Induce uniform and early bud sprout. Swabbing of buds with Hydrogen Cyanamide @1.5 - 4% with in 24-28 hrs for forward pruning. Bud breaking in South India – Thiourea @ 4 %.

53. MANURE AND FERTILIZERS Maximum nutrient requirement was reported during blooming stage. In T.N the manures and fertilizers are applied twice a year after pruning. Immediately after pruning, urea and super phosphate can be applied. M.O.P is applied at flowering and fruits formation stage

54. MANURING Muscat & Seedless Varieties Arab-e- shahi & Other Vigorous Varieties Green leaves ( Kg) 50 50 FYM (Kg) 50 100 Ground nut cake 2 4 Urea (Kg) 0.5 1-2 Super Phosphate (Kg) 1.0 2 M.O.P. (Kg) 1.0 2

55. Method of fertilizer application Active root zone depth is 45-75 cm and in a radius of 100-200 cm . Fertilizer should be applied to reach the active root zone.

56. Fertigation schedule for Thompson Seedless grafted on Dogridge Growth stage N (kg/ha) P 2 O 5 (kg/ha) K 2 O (kg/ha) April pruning (Back pruning)       Pre-bud differentiation (1-30 days) 80 __ __ Bud differentiation (31-60 days) __ 213.1 __ Post-bud differentiation (61-120 days) __ __ 80 October pruning (Forward pruning)       Pre-bloom (1-40 days) 80 __ __ Bloom set and shatter (41-70 days) __ 106.6 __ Berry growth up to veraison (71-105 days) 80 __ 80 Veraison to harvest (106 days to harvest) __ __ 80 After harvest (Rest period » 20 days) 26.6 35.5 26.6 Total 266.6 355.2 266.6

57. Foliar application Application of Mg (0.02%), Fe (0.2%) and Bo (0.4%) result in high yield, better quality and lower number of unripe/shot berries.

58. IRRIGATION Watering immediately after pruning and fertilizer application should be done. Irrigation at an interval of 5-7days during initial berry development stage till they become pea size and at 10 days interval till maturity is better for good yields. Watering should be withheld from 25-30 days prior to harvesting to ensure quality of produce. Excess salt content in irrigation water, with EC value of more then one causes injury to vines. 15-20 irrigations necessary per season.

59. WEED MANAGEMENT Weeds are controlled manually, mechanically or by use of chemical weedicides like, Pre-emergent: Atrazine (2-3 kg a.i . / ha), Simazine (2.0 - 6.0 kg a.i . / ha), Diuron (2-4 kg a.i . / ha). Post-emergent: Paraquat (7.5 kg / ha), Glyphosate (2.0 kg a.i . / ha), Dalapon (8.75 kg / ha).( NRC Grapes, Pune : Crop Profile )

60. FLOWERING,POLLINATION AND FRUIT SET Grape vines flower in about 18-20 months . Flowering in the matured grape vine consists of the formation of Analgen or Primordia . At the time of flowering, the cap of the flower falls from the flower. This is known as Blooming or calyptra fall stage . In south India, bud burst for vegetative growth takes place in April-May and that for fruiting during October- November . Fruit bud is initiated in 20-30 days after bud burst depending on varietal character and climatic conditions.

61. A few varieties show parthenocarpic fruit formation Stimulative Parthenocarpy where pollination acts as stimulus and seedless berries develop without fertilization is seen in varieties like Black Corinth . Stenospermocarpy In a few seedless varieties like Thompson Seedless, Beauty Seedless, Pusa Seedless, Perlette and Delight , Stenospermocarpy takes place in which fertilization occurs followed by embryo abortion after some time.

62. Heat Requirement Heat requirement for berry ripening varies from 1600 degree days in early maturity varieties to 3500 degree days in late season ones. Estimated heat requirement in degree days for some varieties are as follows, under coimbatore conditions. Anab -e- Shahi : 3526 Bangalore Blue : 3562 Bhokri : 3284 Glulabi : 3508

63. Techniques of improving fruit quality Pruning:   Balanced pruning is essential. Thinning:  Excessive bearing of vines can be reduced by cluster thinning or Berry thinning. Ringing or Girdling  : Removing complete ring of bark from any part of vine such as shoot, cane or arm or trunks. Ringing interrupts the downward passage of carbohydrates through the phloem. Berry size and crispiness are increased. The width and depth of girdling are 1-1.5 mm. Girdling is done at 4-5 mm diameter of the berries. Girdling will ensure a TSS content of 20°B .  

64. Girdling Ring of bark removed from any part. One week before bloom - To improve berry set. Just after berry set - To increase berry size. At the beginning of color change To advance ripening To obtain uniform colour Better eating quality

65. Use of Growth regulators in Grapes Application of gibberellic acid (GA) at 50 ppm , - at the just opened flowers in the clusters ( calyptra stage ) increases their size. Ethrel is used to advance ripening by a week and improve quality including colour improvement and uniform ripening . It is normally applied at 250 to 500 ppm concentration at berry start ripening stage.

66. HARVESTING AND YIELD Grapes is a Non-climacteric fruit. Grapes berries begin to ripening stage is called veraison . Period of harvest and yield of different varieties is given below Variety Yield (t/ha) Period of Harvest Average Potential Anab-e-Shahi 45 90 February-May, July, November-December Bangalore Blue 40 60 January-March, June-December Bhokri 30 50 November-December, June-July Gulabi 30 50 January-March, June-December Perlette 40 50 June Thompson Seedless and other seedless varieties 25 50 January-April

67. Post-harvest technology Packing The CFB boxes of 2 to 4 kg are very popular for packing grapes. "Grape Guard" is a brown- coloured paper (which is impregnated with potassium sulphite ) which releases sulphur dioxide gas. Control - grey mould disease of grapes. Storage The grape berries can be kept without spoilage for 7 days at room temperature. Grapes can economically be stored up to 40-45 days in cold storage . The optimum storage temperature recommended is 2 - 1.5 C. Fresh grapes can be stored for 90 to 180 days of time at 0-1 C and 95%. Raisins can be stored for long periods of time at room temperature due to low moisture content.

68. Physiological disorders Blossom-end rot A black sunken spot develops at the blossom-end of the berry which later on spreads with water-soaked region around it. Defective calcium nutrition and assimilation appear to be the cause for it. Spray of 1.0 per cent calcium nitrate may correct it. Boron deficiency The presence of small sized fruits and large sized fruits in the same bunch is known as HEN AND CHICKEN DISORDER. The fruits are sour in taste . Spraying of 0.2% boric acid a week before bloom and another at full bloom control the disorder effectively. Iron deficiency The leaves turn yellow ( chlorosis ) during iron deficiency and the entire shoot become yellow to yellowish green under extreme conditions. Iron deficiency may occur due to the presence of excess calcium in the soil (lime induced chlorosis ). The corrective measure is two sprays of 0.2% ferrous sulphate , one before bloom and the second after fruit set.

69. REMEDY: Extra dose of K / 1% MOP or K 2 SO 4 Spray

70. Pests Mealy bug Thrips Mites Diseases Downy mildew Powdery mildew Anthracnose Post harvest berry rots caused by fungi

71. CONSTRAINTS IN GRAPE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT Heavy initial investment for establishing a vineyard. High recurring costs in vineyard management. High risk of losing the crop due to unprecedented changes in weather. Soil and water salinity in Maharashtra and drought in the hot tropical areas. Very low proportion of export quality grapes. Wine is not a popular drink at present. Marketing problems in table grapes.

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