PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MANGO

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MANGO,grafting,methods of propagation,variety of mango.

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MANGO PRP

2. Intoduction : King of fruits/ National fruit of India/ Bathroom fruit Largest growing crop in India. Area – 35.2%, prodn – 36.8% Total no. of species – 41 under single genus Rich in vit . A, good amount of vit . C, TSS – 20% King of fruit – for being delicious one with excellent flavor & taste, sugar: acid blend, highly commercial imp. National fruit of India – Favorite fruit in all parts of India, produced in almost states, Ancient fruit, associate with heritage, culture of nation, Highest area & production, Value is more in India, maximum share to the global market

3. Botany: Large evergreen tree, globular/rounded canopy, thick trunk, simple leaves, monoecious , inflorescence panicle having male and hermaphrodite flowers, fruit is drupe, edible part mesocarp , deep rooted crop Uses: Unripe fruits – culinary purpose, chutney, pickles, amchur Ripe fruits – dessert, juice, jam, squash, canned products, mango leather Leaves – as vegetable in Java & Philippines, cattle fodder Flower – against diarrhoea and dysentry etc. Wood – Furniture, window frame, agricultural implements

4. Soil: Deep fertile, well drained, alluvial as well as laterite soil, slight acidic (5.5 -6.5) Climate: can grow well in both tropical & subtropical regions, 1400m above MSL, temp. range 24-270C High temp. during flowering period hasten maturity and dev. Improve size & quality. Rain & frost during flowering period is not good. Commercial varieties grown in different regions: North – langra , chausa , dashehri South – Banganpalli , swarna rekha , bangalora , mulgoa , neelum East – Himsagar , langra , jardalu , fazli , krishnabhog , gulabkhas West – Alphonso , kesar , rajapuri , pairi

5. Hybrids: Amrapali - Dashehari X Neelum Malika - Neelum X Dashehari Ratna - Neelum X Alphonso Sindhu - Ratna back-crossed with Alphonso Arka Aruna - Banganapalli X Alphonso Arka Puneet - Alphonso X Banganapalil Arka Anmol - Alphonso X Janardhan Pasand Manjeera – Rumani X Neelum Polyembryonic var. – Bappakai , chandrakaran , malaviya bhog , vallaikulumba , olour etc. Regular bearing var. – Bangalora, Neelum , Amrapali Biennial bearing var. – Banganapalil , Chausa , Bombay Green

6. Alphonso ( Happus ) - mainly exported as fresh fruit, susceptible to spongy tissue

7. Banganapalli ( Baneshan in south, Safeda in north) - good for canning .

8. Dashehari - Best varieties of the country, mainly used for table purpose ; susceptible to mango malformation

9. Malika Neelum Sindhu : Developed by stenospermocarpy method, free from spongy tissue Bangalora (Totapuri) - used for processing Chausa - sweetest mango, susceptible to malformation

10. PROPAGATION As mango is highly heterozygous and CP crop, seedling trees never resemble to mother plant. Vegetative propagation provide true-to-type. Grafting-  Grafting is the most reliable and economical means of propagating the mango. Commercial methods: Inarching, Vineer , softwood, stone/ epicotyle grafting. Ideal season is Jun-Sep. Raising of rootstocks: Freshly harvested stones of local mango varieties should be collected before monsoon . Stones / Seeds are washed with clean water to remove pulp and dirt attached to seeds, treated with copper oxy chloride @ 3 g/ lt for 20 minutes to control seed borne diseases in nursery. Seeds are sown or spread flat over the raised bed & covered with a mixture of compost & soil at a ratio of 50:50. After 10-15 days stones sprout. .

11. These sprouted stones are lifted & put into polythene bags of size 10’ x6’& thickness of 300 gauges For epicotyl grafting 7-10 days old seedlings are selected. But generally 1 year old seedlings are used for grafting purposes.

12. Germinated seedlings 1 year old seedlings

13. SCION COLLECTION: Scions are collected when the trees are in active growth stage. Scion bank is a type of orchard consisting of some known varieties from which scions are collected for grafting. Scions of about 3-5 months old, better shoots of size 10-12cm long of pencil thickness are selected. The selected shoot is precured by removing leaves 7-10 days before grafting. Scions can be kept for 6-7 days in moist cloth or refrigerator. The scion forms the canopy of the tree, while the rootstock forms the lower trunk and roots. Healthy, vigorous and uniform seedlings from polyembryonic seed can be used as rootstocks.

14. Procedure: The terminal portion of the rootstock is removed. Make a shallow downward cut about 1 inch long on cut portion of rootstock. Make a sloping cut 1 inch long at the base of the scion exposing cambium. Insert the cut surface of the scion against the cut surface of the rootstock. Be certain that the cambium contact each other. Seal the entire graft area with warm grafting wax or polythene stripe. The newly grafted tree should be placed in the shade. The graft should begin to grow in 10 to 21 days Following grafting, any shoots from the rootstock must be removed, as these shoots may overcome the developing scion.

15. STAGES OF GRAFTING

16. EPICOTYL GRAFTING/STONE GRAFTING

17. SOFTWOOD GRAFTING

18. VENEER GRAFTING

19. INARCHING/APPROAC GRAFTING

20. Flowering and fruiting: Flowering depends on variety and climatic condition, most of the varieties flower during Oct. –Dec. Inflorescence – panicle ( male+hermaphrodite ) Flowers come terminally on previous season shoot Warmer env . During flowering – more perfect flower Highly cross pollinated crop, perfect flowers are protogynous Pollination entomophylli (House fly – Musca domestica ) No. of flowers per panicle – 1000-6000 Maximum fruit drop – mustard/pea stage Fruit setting can be improved by exogenous application of NAA@200ppm or 2,4-D@10-15ppm at the time of flower bud initiation

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