Production Technology of Papaya 5 (1).pptx

how to cultivate papaya

1. Production Technology of Papaya

2. Botanical name: Carica papaya Edible parts: Mesocarp Family: Caricaceae Chromosome number (2n): 18 Origin: Tropical America (South Mexico ) and Costa Rica Botanically type of fruit: Berry Portuguese introduced papaya in India from Malacca during 1611 It is cultivated throughout the world, in tropical & sub-tropical climate It is do not tolerate freezing temperature and frost Method of propagation: By Seeds Ripening behavior: Climacteric (Sudden upsurge in rate of respiration at ripening)

3. Year Production (MT) Area (MH) 2018-19 5.831 MT 0. 139 mh 2017-2018 5.989 MT 0. 138 MH 2016-2017 5.940 MT 0. 134 MT Papaya in India Sl. No. State Production ( MT) Share (%) 1 Andhra Pradesh 1.68782 28.19 2 Gujarat 1.25651 20.99 3 Karnataka 0.59369 9.92 4 Madhya Pradesh 0.42155 7.04 5 Maharashtra 0.40800 6.82 6 Chattisgarh 0.38142 6.37 7 West Bengal 0.36595 6.11 8 Assam 0.14740 2.46 9 Tamil Nadu 0.14158 2.36 10 Jharkhand 0.11641 1.94 Top ten states of India in papaya production

4. Papaya is a tropical fruit It is dicots and dioecious in nature but hermaphrodite forms also occur It fruit is more importance because of its high nutritive & medicinal value It is most suitable fruit crop for growing in kitchen gardens It is planted as a filler plant in fruit orchards with long juvenile period It is bearing within a year of planting and it has short life In Punjab it is being grown as filler plant in mango and litchi orchards It has become popular fruit crop due to its fast growth, high yield, long fruiting period, high nutrient value and highly profitable crop It plant has male, female and  hermaphodite (bisexual flower) and some other complex forms Male plants do not bear any fruit Normally the fruit produced from female flower, shape is shorter The fruit produced from hermaphrodite flower, shape is longer Papaya ripe fruit is eaten as fresh while unripe used as vegetable It is a rich source of vitamin A (2020 IU per 100 g of edible portion) and vitamin C (40 mg/l00 g of edible portion) Papaya contains vitamin by, 100 gm of pulp riboflavin 250 mg 100 gm of pulp, 0.6% proteins and 9% of carbohydrates

5. Papaya fruit having sufficient amount of calcium The yellow colour of pulp is due to caricaxanthin Papaya contains papain which is protein digesting enzyme Ripe fruits used for making jam, jelly and ice-cream Papain is prepared by collecting dried latex from the unripe/ immature papaya fruits Papain is used for meat tenderizing, chewing gum, cosmetics, and degumming natural silk and to give shrink resistance to wool The leading producer of papaya is Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia, China, Peru, Thailand and Philippines In India papaya is commercially cultivated in AP, Karnataka, Gujarat, Orissa, W.B., Assam, Kerala, M.P. and Maharashtra Delhi and Mumbai are two principal markets in India Other major domestic markets are Jaipur , Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad Papaya is a polygamous plant

6. Soil and climate Papaya being a tropical fruit, it grows well in mild sub-tropical regions of the country upto 1,000 m above MSL It requires warm & humid climate without frost because it sensitive to frost Optimum temperature is 25 - 30° C and minimum 16° C Low temperature affects the fruit and plant growth Temperature 0°C damage the foliage and fruit The plants are protected by covering with gunny bags under North Indian conditions during the winter months Night temperature below 12 -14  C for several hours in winter season affects growth and production In high rainfall, proper drainage facilities created otherwise roots are rot and death the plants Staking or windbreak can decrease the damage to plants under strong wind Dry climate at ripening time is good for the fruit quality

7. A well drained, deep rich in organic matter, upland sandy loam to loamy soil with sufficient organic matter is ideal for it cultivation Before, planting of papaya plants suitable wind break should be planted around the orchard boundary The suitable pH value of the soil is 6 to 6.5 It is very sensitive to frost, strong winds and water stagnation Water stagnation in papaya field for few days can be harmful Papaya is very sensitive to waterlogging conditions

8. Arka Prabhath From IIHR, Bangalore It is cross from (Surya x Tainung-1) x Local Dwarf Per plant average fruit yield 90-100 kg The keeping quality of fruit is good The pulp is firm (5.9 kg/cm 2 ) and colour is deep pink The average fruit weight is 900-1200 g and TSS 13-14°Brix It is gynodioecious in nature and due to it nature, seed production is easy only the bagging of bisexual flowers ensures true to type plants Plants semi-vigorous and bearing starts at height of 60-70 cm Varieties of Papaya CO-6 Selection from Giant Dioecious , large size fruits For table and papain production purpose Fruit flesh yellow colour CO-7 By ( Pusa Delicious x CO 3) x Coorg Honey Dew Gynodioecious nature Excellent fruit for dessert purpose Fruit flesh attractive pink colour

9. Surya By IIHR, Bangalore Gynodioecious in nature The plants are shorter compared to Solo It is offspring of Sunrise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet The seeds can be produced by bagging of hermaphrodite flowers or by crossing the female flowers with hermaphrodite flowers Skin is smooth, becomes uniformly yellow in colour on ripening Pulp thickness is 3 to 3.5 cm, deep red in colour with TSS 13.5 – 15°Brix Average fruit weight is 600 – 800 g with a small fruit cavity Keeping quality of fruits is good Per plant average yield is 55 – 65 kg Coorg Honey Dew ' Madhubindu ’ Suitable for table as well as processing purpose Greenish-yellow oblong-shaped fruits with orange thick flesh and good flavour Due to its excellent fruit quality grower fetches high market value

10. Pusa Dwarf Dioecious in nature Plants dwarf Fruit medium sized with oval shape (1-2 kg) The plant starts bearing at a height of 25 to 30 cm from the ground level Comparatively drought hardy Suitable for HDP Pusa Majesty Gynodioecious nature Tolerant to viral diseases and root knot nematodes Suitable for papain production Fruits medium sized and round shape with average weight 1- 1.5 kg Keeping quality of fruit is better Fruiting starts at 146 DAT Tolerant to root knot nematode Pusa Giant Dioecious in nature Plants vigorous, sturdy and tolerant to strong wind Average fruit weight 2.5 -3 kg Suitable for canning Pusa Delicious Gynodioecious in nature Plant medium tall and starts fruiting after 8 months after planting TSS of fruit 10°-13° Brix and excellent flavour Fruit medium sized (1-2 kg) with deep orange flesh Table purpose variety

11. CO-1 Selection from Ranchi by TNAU Plant dwarf and first fruiting at a height of 60-75 cm from ground level Fruit medium sized, spherical, smooth greenish yellow skin, flesh orange yellow, soft and firm Fruit moderately juicy with good keeping quality CO-2 It is a selection Fruits medium sized, greenish yellow, ridged at apex , flesh red, soft to firm Fruit moderately juicy with good keeping quality Suitable for papain extraction Per fruit dried papain yield 4-6 g or 250-300 kg /ha CO-3 By CO- 2 x Sun Rise Solo Fruit larger size with TSS 13.8 ° Brix Average fruit weight 1 to 1.5 kg Fruits have a good keeping quality Per plant yields 100-120 fruits from two years CO- 5 Selection from Washington Suitable for high papain production Per fruit dry papain production is 14-15 g and 75-80 fruits/tree in two years with an average dry papain yield of 1,500-1,600 kg/ha

12. Washington Suitable for table purpose Fruits round to ovate, medium large size with few seeds On ripening, skin attains a bright yellow colour The average fruit weight is 1.5-2 kg Male & female plants are separate Solo: Suitable for table purpose Fruits small with deep pink pulp and sweet taste Excellent for kitchen garden Ranchi It is popular in south India Fruits oblong with dark yellow pulp and sweet taste Taiwan-785 Cultivated for table as well as processing purpose Plant dwarf and first fruit producing at a height of 60-75 cm from the ground level Fruits oblong with thick orange red sweet pulp Per year/plant yields 100-125 fruits It has a good keeping quality and disease tolerant Taiwan-786 ( Red Lady Dwarf ) Gynodioecious in nature Suitable for table as well as processing purpose Fruits oblong with a tasty sweet pulp having few seeds The plant starts bearing fruits at 100 cm above the ground level Average fruit weigh 1-3 kg Keeping quality of fruit has excellent

13. Punjab Sweet Plants dioecious (male and female on separate plants) Plant height up to 1.90 m Fruit bearing at 1.0 m height of from ground Fruit large size, oblong shape with pointed tip, deep yellow colour flesh, TSS of pulp 9.0 to 10.5 % The average fruit yield per plant 50 kg Honey Dew Suitable for North Indian conditions Plants dioecious (male and female on separate plants) Fruits large size, elongated in shape with few or no seed Flesh sweet with pleasant flavor and TSS 8.0% It is also known as Madhu Bindu Pusa Nanha It is mutant and suitable cultivar for close plantation Plants dioecious, dwarf and grow up to 1.06 m height Average fruit yield/ plant 35 kg

14. Pusa Nanha Pusa Nanha CHINMAY-1 CO-2 Red Lady RCTP-1

15. ARKA PRABHAT SURYA COORG HONEYDEW A majority of Indian farmers grow the Red Lady Dwarf variety, which is also known as the 'Taiwan 786' papaya, due to its exceptional quality and long shelf life. The plant takes only eight months to fruit, with the total yield reaching 60 kg per plant .

16.  State Varieties grown Andhra Pradesh Honey Dew, Coorg Honey Dew, Washington, Solo, Co-1 , Co-2 , Co-3, Sunrise Solo, Taiwan Jharkhand Ranchi Selection , Honey Dew, P Delicious, P Nanha KN& Kerala Coorg Honey Dew, Coorg Green, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha W. Bengal Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green Orissa P Delicious , P Nanha ,  Ranchi Sel., H Dew, Washington, Coorg Green Important papaya varieties cultivated in different states of India

17. Propagation Papaya commercially propagated by seed s but occasionally by tissue culture Seeds extracted from the ripe fruits Extracted seeds rubbed with sand to remove white mucilaginous layer; washed and air dried The seeds lose their viability in about 45 days after extraction One gram contains about 50-80 seeds, mostly 65 -75 seeds 150 to 250 g seeds required for one hectare area The seedlings can be raised in 3 m x 1 m x 10 cm (L x W x H) size nursery beds as well as in pots or polythene bags Seeds treated with Bavistin (0.2 %) or Captain (3g /kg seeds) Sowing the seeds at a spacing of 10 cm and covered with treated fine compost or leaf mould After seeds sowing nursery beds covered with polythene sheets or dry paddy straw as mulch to protect the soil moisture The light irrigation is provided during morning hours About 15-20 cm tall and 1 ½ to 2 months old seedling are ready for planting

18. Seeds can be sown any time from March to September But, due to severe winter in North India, seeds should be sown during July to September It seedling attain 20-30 cm in height, they easily protected from frost and freeze of winter Nursery in polythene bags Prepare a mixture of well rotten FYM plus soil and sand in equal proportions and 25 x 10 cm size polythene bags are filled On lower part of bag make 8 to 10 small holes for drainage of excess water 2 to 3 treated (with Captain 3g/kg) seeds/polythene bag sown at 2-3 cm deep After germination, seedlings drench with Captain solution (2 g /litre of water) control the damping off disease Remove the extra seedling from the bag One healthy seedling kept in each bag Seedlings ready for transplanting in 40-50 days after seeds sowing Before transplanting polythene bags should be removed

19. Normal, white and vivipary seeds in papaya cultivar- Pusa Dwarf

20. Deformed and normal seeds in papaya cultivar- Pune Selection-3

21. Planting, spacing and season For planting, 45 x 45 x 45 OR 50 x 50 x 50 cm size pits dug, one month before (in summer) transplanting The pits fill with 20 kg rotten FYM, top soil, 1 kg each of neem cake and bone meal; and for control of white ants add 30g lindane 5% dust 2 - 3 seedlings per pit are transplant at 15 cm apart in case of varieties, which produces only male or female flowers on individual plant (CO.2, CO.6, Pusa Dwarf and Washington) After establishing one plant/pit is kept when they have started flowering Keep 10 % male plant populations scattered throughout the orchard But in case of the gynodioecious type (CO.3, Pusa Majestic and Pusa Delicious) single plant can be planted per pit Seedlings should be transplanted in the evening time After transplanting, field lightly irrigated The plant spacing fluctuate by varieties and other factors Tall varieties required more spacing while medium and dwarf required closer spacing

22. Square or rectangular system of planting is usually adopted in papaya Planting is done as filler they planted at a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m (4444 plants/ha) but Normally it planted at 1.8 x 1.8 m (3086 plants/ha) For HDP, spacing at 1.5 x 1.5 m which enhances the returns of farmer A closer spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m for cv. Pusa Nanha is adopted for HDP (6,944 plants/ha) The ideal season of transplanting is the beginning of monsoon However, transplanting may be continued from June to November Papaya planted during spring (February - March), monsoon (June - July) and autumn (October - November )

23. Manures, fertilizers and micro nutrients Due to its fast growing plant, short juvenile period, producing flowers and fruits year round; it required more/ heavy doses essential nutrition at regular intervals Papaya prefers soils with having/rich organic matter Apart from the basal dose of manures (15-25 kg/plant) applied in the pits by mixing with 200:200-250:400 g of N: P 2 O 5 : MOP/ plant Inorganic fertilizers should be provided in five split doses at 2 nd , 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th month after planting Application of 200 g N is optimum for fruit yield but for papain yield increases with increase in N upto 300 g Nitrogen and Potash in the form of ammonium sulphate and sulphate of potash respectively improves the keeping quality and colour of fruits Fertilizers should be applied in a 10cm deep circular trench 15-20 cm away from the trunk and covered with soil s Light irrigation should follow after fertilization Micro nutrients like ZnSO 4  (0.5%) are sprayed to increase growth and fruit yield

24. Variety Fertilizer Dose (g/ plant/ year) No. of Split Doses Recommended by N P K Coorg Honey Dew 250 250 500 6, bimonthly IIHR, Bangalore Solo 350 250 200 6, bimonthly IIHR, Bangalore CO.1 200 200 200 4 TNAU, Coimbatore Ranchi 200 300 600 3 West Bengal Intercropping Papaya itself planted as filler in mango, litchi & guava orchards because; it stays in the field for 2-3 years only In 1 st year of planting, the shallow rooted vegetables like mung , horse gram, onion, garlic, turnip, cauliflower and leafy vegetables are suitable for growing as intercrops The leguminous crops are beneficial as intercropping No intercrops taken after onset of flowering stage or the plants start fruiting Intercrop should not compete for nutrition with papaya plants

25. Irrigation Irrigation depends on type of soil & weather conditions It is very sensitive to water logged, so avoid flooding periodically Regular irrigation is an important aspect in papaya cultivation, which helps in growth, fruit development and high yield Moisture stress inhibits the growth & promotes male floral characters For safe and control irrigation, fields divide into small segments Protective irrigation is provided in 1 st year of planting and a pply light irrigation at 6-7 and 15 to 20 days interval in summer and winter, respectively depending on soil condition and during rain irrigation avoid Water should not stay near the stem of plants to prevent collor rot During 2 nd year, irrigation provided at 7-10 days interval in winter and at an interval of 4-5 days in summer Basin/ ring system of irrigation has been found very effective because this system helps in preventing collar rot as there is no direct contact between the water and the stem portion In areas having low rainfall, sprinkler or drip system can be adopted Drip irrigation helps to save 50-60% water Irrigation through the drip @6-8 litre /day/plant gives better yields

26. Intercultural Operations, weeding and Thinning The start flowering after 6- 7 months of transplanting At flowering, excess plants are to be removed keeping only one plant in each pit and maintaining a female: male plant ratio of 10: 1 For effective pollination, keep the male plants well spread in the field Being a shallow rooted plant, weeds compete with papaya plants for nutrition, so regular weeding is essential for vigorous plant growth Weeding should be done regularly around the plants to weeds control Two hoeing (1 st in February-March and 2 nd in July-August) sufficient to check the weeds growth Use of herbicides like Diuron @2.0-2.5 kg a.i /ha or Glyphosate @1-2 kg a.i ./ha were effective in controlling the weeds in papaya orchards Care should be taken while spraying so as to avoid spilling of the herbicides on papaya leaves Earthing up is done before onset of monsoon to avoid water logging and it also help the plants to stand erect Removal of male plants Where dioecious varieties are planted, about 10% male plants kept in the orchards for good pollination

27. Plant protected from frost In North India, frost usually occurs in the months of Dec. and Jan. but in sometime late frost may occur in the month of February Due to broad leaves and succulent stem, it is very sensitive to the frost To save the young papaya plants from winter If, the plantation should be done during October or November so that plants could be provided protection easily Plants covered with Sarkanda (a kind of stick) thatches or by pegging three support around the plants and covering with white polythene Care should be taken that bags do not touch the foliage Few holes may be provided in upper portion of bags for aeration In 2 nd year thick gunny bags wrapped around the fruits and apex during winter season

28. Harvesting and fruit handling Fruits harvested at full size, light green in colour with tinge of yellow at apical end On ripening, fruits of certain varieties turn yellow while some of them remain green When latex ceases to be milky and become watery, the fruits suitable for harvesting Papaya fruits will be ready for harvest by about 7-10 MAP depending on cultivar and prevailing temperature during the course of fruit development The ripe fruit is harvested individually by hand picking taking care to avoid all possible injuries The mature fruit easily gets detached from stem either by turning it upwards or by twisting The fruit should be harvested early in the morning and kept in shade for grading The economic life of papaya plant is 3 to 4 years In case of fruits crowding, fruit thinning should be done to get well sized fruits

29. The fruit yield depend on the so many factors like; variety, soil, climate, spacing and cultural management of the orchard Generally, fruit yield 75-100 tonnes /ha is obtained in a season from good papaya orchard A tree with good management produces 25 to 40 fruits weighing 40 to 60 kg in the first 15 to 18 months After harvesting, fruit should be placed in single layer and covered with straw till ripening For distant markets it should be packed in baskets by placing straw below & newspaper along with gunny bag above to avoid bruising of fruits Papaya is a climacteric fruit hence, it can be artificially ripened by dipping fruits in 500 ppm ethephon At ripening fruits attain golden yellow colour of skin Fruits are highly perishable in nature Fruit can be stored for a period of 1-3 weeks at a temperature of 10-13  C and 85-90% relative humidity Fruits graded on the basis of weight, size and colour Bamboo baskets with banana leaves as lining material which used for carrying the produce from farm to local market

30. Papaya Spider Mite Spider mite affects the leaf and fruit by way of causing scarring which reduces the market value of fruit In severe cases the new leaves become discoloured which is confused with virus Control Crop spraying with Phosphamidon (0.04%) or Methyl Parathion (0.05%) effectively reduces the spider mite population Used the sulphur dust or spraying 0.1% Kelthane

31. Fruit Fly The pest causes damage to the plant and the fruit Fruit flies can infect papaya when fruits are allowed to ripen on the tree beyond the recommended harvest stage Control Application of Dimethoate (0.1%) effectively controls the fruit fl y

32. Nematodes Root knot nematode & Reniform nematode cause severe damage to papaya The infected roots form galls causing stunting, tree fall down, yellowing and drying of leaves It causes about 15% loss of the world production Control Carbofuran (2 kg/ha) or Neem cake (1 kg/plant) effectively checks the nematode population Pusa Majesty is resistant to nematode and can be grown in the regions having nematode problem

33. Powdery Mildew ( Odium indicum , Odium caricae ) The development of powdery mildew in papaya is promoted by high humidity (80-85%) and a temperature range of 24-26°C The disease appears as on the foliage and fruits Infection is first appeared on the leaves as small slightly darkened areas, which later become white powdery spots and they enlarge and cover the entire leaf area Severely infected leaves may become chlorotic & distorted before falling Affected fruits are small in size and malformed Control As soon as the disease symptoms are observed dusting Sulphur (30 g/10 litres of water) or spraying Calixin 75 EC (5 ml/10 litres of water) at 15 days interval helps to control the disease

34. Leaf Blight ( Corynespora cassiicola ) The disease causes severe damage to leaves The disease first appears as small, discoloured lesions, which are irregularly scattered on the leaves These spots become irregular in shape, then increase in size, and appear brown to grey in colour A light yellow zone surrounds the spots Several lesions coalesce to cover large areas of the leaf and in severe infections the whole leaf dies A considerable reduction in the yield is observed Control Disease can be controlled by spraying of Dithane M-45 (0.2%) starting form the appearance of the disease symptoms

35. Damping Off ( Rhizoctonia solani ) This is a disease of young seedlings Lesions are seen on the stem at or just above soil level Stem becomes watery and shrinks, followed by death of the plant Control Well-drained soil should be used for planting and the crop should not be excessively irrigated Before sowing the seeds should be treated with fungal culture of Trichoderma viride (3-4 g/kg of seed) or Captan (3 g/kg of seed) to protect the newly emerging seedlings

36. Foot Rot of Papaya ( Pythium aphanidermatum ) It is a severe disease of papaya and characterized by the appearance of water-soaked patches on the stem near the ground level The patches enlarge rapidly and girdle the stem, causing rotting of the tissues, which then turn dark brown or black Such affected plants withstand strong wind and topple over and die If disease attack is mild, only one side of stem rots & plants remain stunted Fruit if formed are shriveled and malformed and gradually plant dies Control Trichoderma viride (15 g/plant) mixed with well-decomposed FYM should be applied around the root zone of plants at the time of planting The crop should be irrigated by adopting the ring method of irrigation so that the water does not come in direct contact with the stem In new plantings, preventing the water logging in field for control the disease The soil should be drenched with 2-3 liter of copper oxychloride (3 g/ liter of water) at 15 days interval from the time of planting During fruit formation, the plant should be sprayed with 2-3 liter of copper oxychloride (3 g per liter of water) at 15 days interval Alternately, Mancozeb (2.5 g/ liter of water) may also be applied

37. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) The disease prominently appears on green immature fruits Brown to black depressed spots on the fruits are major symptoms The initial symptoms are water-soaked, sunken spots on the fruit Centers of spots, later -turn black- pink when fungus produces spores The spots becomes soft and watery, which spreads to the entire fruit Small, irregular shaped water soaked spots on leaves may also be seen and eventually turn brown On the fruits, symptoms appear only upon ripening and may not be apparent at the time of harvest Brown sunken spots develop on the fruit surface, which later on enlarge to form water soaked lesions Control The affected fruits should be remove and destroyed The fruits should be harvested as soon as they mature Spaying with copper oxychloride (3 g/ litre of water) or carbendazim (1 g/ litre of water) or thiophanate methyl (1 g/ litre of water) at 15 days interval effectively controls the disease Fruits for exports should be subjected to hot water treatment or a fungicidal wax treatment

38. Papaya Mosaic The mosaic disease attacks on all age groups of the plants, but it is most serious on young stage of plants The aphids are responsible for transmitting of the disease The symptoms appear on young top leaves of the plants In this disease; leaves size and petiole length of leaf are reduced, blister like patches of dark green tissue and alternating yellowish green lamina show on leaves, top leaves assume an upright position and reduction in plant growth The fruits borne on disease plants develop water soaked lesions with a central solid spot and such fruits are elongated and reduced in size Control Create the facility for field sanitation and removed the affected plant which reduce the spread of the disease The losses can be minimized by controlling of aphid population with application of carbofuran (1 kg a.i ./ha) at the time of sowing seeds followed by 2-3 foliar sprays of phosphamidon (0.05%) at an interval of 10 days starting from 15-20 DAS which effectively checks the population of aphids

39. Leaf curl of papaya The disease is transmitted by white fly ( Bemisia tabaci as vector ) The disease is characterize by s evere curling, crinkling and deformation of the leaves and mostly young leaves are affected Apart from curling, the leaves also exhibit vein clearing and thickening of the veins and sometimes petioles are twisted In severe cases complete defoliation of the affected plant is observed The affected plants show a stunted growth with reduce fruit yield Control Removal and destruction of the affected plants is the only control measure to reduce the spread of the disease Checking the white flies population can reduce the infection severity Soil application of carbofuran (1 kg a.i ./ha) at the time of sowing and 4-5 foliar sprays of dimethoate (0.05%) or metasystox (0.02%) or nuvacron (0.05% ) at an interval of 10 days effectively controls the whitefly populations

40. Papaya ring spot virus The virus is spread from plant to plant by aphids The previous symptoms are yellowing & vein clearing of the young leaves A very conspicuous yellow mottling of the leaves and sometimes severe blistering and leaf distortion Dark green streaks and rings appear in the leafstalks and stems Concentric rings & spots appear on the fruit as darker green fruit color Symptoms persist on the ripe fruit as darker orange brown rings Vigour of trees and fruit setting is usually reduced depending on the age of the plant when infected Fruit quality, particularly flavour is adversely affected Control Early detection of infected plants and prompt removal can check the spread of the disease Aphids can be controlled by application of carbofuran (1 kg a.i ./ha) in the nursery bed at the time of seeds sowing followed by 2-3 foliar sprays of phosphamidon (0.05%) at an interval of 10 days starting from 15-20 DAS

41. Papain Extraction The immature green papaya fruit (2.6 to 3 months of fruit set) contains a milky latex containing papain which possesses both milk clotting and protein digestive properties Papain has typical protein digestive properties and is classed as protease, proteinage or proteolytic enzyme It has several uses in the industry viz., food processing, tanning and textile industry In India; papaya varieties CO-2 and CO-6 are recommended for papain production Considering the export potential of papain, large areas are being brought under papaya cultivation for production of papain For papain tapping, partially mature fruits about 75-95 days old are selected Papain extraction starts in the rainy season and continues up to March and cool and wet periods produce more papain Incision is made with bamboo splinters or ivory knives about 0.3 cm deep on four sides of fruit from stalk end to tip early in the morning before 9.00 a.m.

42. Latex is collected in glass vessels or aluminium trays Similar incision is repeated (3 to 4 time) on untapped surface of the same fruit three times at 3-4 days interval Potassium Metabisulphite @ 0.05% is added to the liquid latex to extend the storage life of the papain The liquid latex dried in sun/ spray dried at a temperature of 50-55°C Powder is prepared from dry flakes and sieved in a 10 mesh sieve The papain in powdered form is stored in polythene bags or in airtight glass containers and stored for six months at 9 C Approximately 25g of latex is obtained per fruit 5 kg of liquids latex on drying, yield 1kg of papain The annual yield of papain to 250 to 375 kg per year Immature small and medium fruits yield higher quality of latex than the large and mature fruits About one-sixth of the dried powder is papain The yield of papain is as follows- Year Approximate yield (kg/ha) Year Approximate yield (kg/ha) Year Approximate yield (kg/ha) 1 st 250 2 nd 150-200 3 rd 75-100