Production technology of pomegranate

Tropical and dry land fruit crop :- Pomegranate

1. Welcome To my Presentation 1

2. Navsari Agricultural University ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry, NAU, Navsari FSC 501:Tropical and Dry land Fruit Production (2+1) 2

3. 3 Submitted To; Dr. Y. N. Tandel Assistant Professor ACHF, NAU, Navsari Speaker; Patel Khushbuben Ashokbhai Reg. No.:-2020218032 M.Sc. Horticulture Dept. of Fruit Science

4. Pomegranate 4

5. Content:- Botanical Discription Introduction Anatomy of pomegranate fruit Commercial and Medicinal Uses Nutritional value Climate and soil Propagation Planting Planting season Irrigation Manure and Fertilizer Floral Biology 5

6. Cont… Flowering and fruiting development Bahar treatment or flower initiation Pollination Essential operation Harvesting and Yield Varieties Grading Packing Storage Insect-pest Disease Physiological Disorder Progressive farmer Reference Books 6

7. Botanical discription Scientific name: Punica granatum L. Family: Punicaceae Origin: Iran Chromosome no: 2n=2X=18 Botanical classification: Dicotyledoneae Climate adaptability: Subtropical Fruit morphology: Balausta Fruit based on respiration rate: Non-climacteric Type of inflorescence: Hypanthodium Pollination: Cross pollination (by insect-Honey Bee) Edible part: Juicy seed coat (Aril) Bearing habit: Mix bearing Other Names: Fruit of Paradise, Anar , Fruit of Love, National Fruit of Iran 7

8. Introduction Pomegranate is one of the favourite fruits of tropical and subtropical regions The pomegranate is native from Iran It is widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries like Spain, Egypt, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and also grown in Burma, China, Japan, California and Pakistan In India it is commercially cultivated in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Panjab and Haryana In Gujarat, Dholka , Bhavnagar, Banaskatha , Sabarkatha , Mehsana and Kutchh etc. 8

9. Cont… Winter hardy and highly drought tolerant Excellent choice crop for arid and semi-arid conditions of India Leading State in Production:- Maharashtra National Research centre for Pomegranate(NRCP) is situated at Solapur , Maharashtra established in 2005 Red colour in aril and skin due to presence of anthocyanin Pomegranate taste is due to citric acid 9

10. Anatomy of Pomegranate fruit 10

11. Commercial and Medicinal uses The fruit is symbolic of plenty and very much liked for its cool, refreshing juice and valued for its medicinal properties The juice of pomegranate is believed to be good for leprosy patients. The grains of the fruit are also eaten fresh in most of the hot countries and are used as condiment The bark and rind of the fruits are commonly used in dysentery and diarrhea and the rind is also used as dying material for cloth.  Dried seeds of pomegranate with pulp are available as ‘ Anardana ’. Frequent intake of pomegranate juice can maintain good flow of the blood in the body. Along with this, it decreases the risk of heart attack and heart strokes Pomegranates peel, bark and leaves are used to calm the stomach disorder or diarrhea due to any kind of digestive problems and pomegranate juice is also used for handling problems of dysentery and cholera 11

12. Nutritional Values 12

13. Climate and Soil Climate: Pomegranates prefer a semi-arid to subtropical climate and are naturally adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers A humid climate adversely affects the formation of fruit. The tree can be severely injured by temperatures below -11 °C Pomegranates can be successfully grown in areas with temperature ranging from 25-35 °C and an annual rainfall of 500-800mm. The optimum temperature for fruit development is 38 °C Soil: Calcareous to deep loamy, well drained & fertile is best. Soil having a pH of 7.5 Tolerate to alkalinity & salinity Sensitive to moisture fluctuation Heavy soils with poor drainage facilities are unsuitable for its cultivation 13

14. Propagation Seeds germinate easily without going through a rest period Trees are not true to variety grown from seed so it not use for commercial purpose Asexually by means of hardwood or softwood cuttings or air-layering Trees, grown from softwood cuttings make late in the growing season Hardwood cuttings are the easiest and most satisfactory method of growing pomegranates & cuttings are 25-50 cm long & 6-12mm thick. Treatment by quick dip method with IBA(2000ppm) under mist condition results in high rooting percentage The rooted cutting will be ready for planting in 8-9 months 14

15. Air layering is also successful in pomegranate When layered during rainy season with IBA treatment (10,000ppm) in lanolin paste, the rooting is profuse on shoots Cont… Air layering 15 Hardwood Cutting

16. Square system of planting is mostly adopted. The standard planting distance is 5 x5m(400plants/ha) High density planting was tried in pomegranate with 5 x2 m(1000 plants/ha), 5 x3 m(666 plants/ha) and 5 x4 m(500plants/ha) resulted higher yield than normal spacing Begin to bear 1 year after planting (1 to 3 years is more common) Pomegranate trees do not come into good commercial production for 5 or 6 years Still closer spacing as 3 x2.5 m (1333 plants/ha) or 4x2 m (1250plants/ha) were employed by farmers in selected varieties Planting 16

17. Planting is usually done in spring (February-March) and July-August in sub-tropical and tropical regions respectively Planting should be done at the beginning of monsoon or by the end of monsoon Planting Season 17

18. Irrigation Pomegranate can tolerate drought to a greater extent but, responds very well to irrigation Irrigation frequency and water requirement varies with the season, crop age and stage Drip irrigation is economical and saves 30-40% of water. Water quality also plays a major role on fruit production High salinity in soils and saline irrigation water affects normal fruit production 18

19. Manure and fertilizer General fertilizer recommendations for pomegranate vary from region to region. The dosage can be fixed as 30kg/plant FYM, 600-700 g N, 200-250 g P 2 O 5, and 200-250g K 2 O/plant/year Time of fertilizer application mainly depends on choice of crop to be harvested Full dose of Organic manure, P and K and half dose of N 2 should be applied after ‘ bahar ’ treatment and 2 nd half of N 2 should be applied after three weeks For ‘ Ambe bahar ’, December-January, for ‘ Mrig bahar ’ May- June and for ‘Hast bahar ’, October-November are the appropriate periods for fertilizer application 19

20. Age of Plant(Years) Recommended Dose of Fertilizers/Plant/Year FYM(kg) N (g ) P (g ) K ( g) 1 10 250 125 125 2 20 250 125 125 3 30 500 125 125 4 40 500 125 250 5 and above 50 625 250 250 Cont... In Gujarat state the fertilizer dose is 50kg FYM, 500g N, 250g P 2 O 5 and 500g K 2 O per plant per year. 20

21. Floral biology Flowering occur on one year old spurs or short branches Flowers can appear solitary, pairs, or clusters In general, the solitary flowers will appear on spurs along the branches while the clusters are terminal Flowers: Odorless but colourful , large, 5-9cm in length, cylindrical, and generally reddish but sometimes yellow to white 21

22. Types of Flower: Pomegranate flowers develop into one of three types of flowers: Male flowers( Bell shape) Hermaphrodite flowers(vase shape) Intermediate flower 22

23. Male Flower: The bell-shape flower has a poorly developed or no pistil and atrophied ovaries containing few ovules and is infertile Hence, they are referred as a male flower These flowers drop without fruit set 23

24. Hermaphrodite flower: The vase-shape flower is fertile with a normal ovary capable of developing fruit. The stigma is at the anthers height or emerging above them. The position allows for self-pollination as well as pollination by insects. Cultivars with higher vase-shape to bell-shape ratio will have a higher fruit yield potential. The percentage of the vase-shape flowers in Indian cultivar is 53% to 80%. 24

25. Intermediate Flower: A third type of flower is also found They have long style or short style and a developed ovary which is sometimes fertile. Fruit set is not 100% 25

26. Flowering & fruiting development Pomegranate plants flower and provide fruits throughout the year in central and southern India.   Depending on patterns of precipitation, flowering can be induced during June-July ( Mrig bahar ), September-October (Hast bahar ) and January-February ( Ambe bahar ). In areas having assured rainfall where precipitation is normally received in June and continues up to September, flowering in June is advantageous; where monsoon normally starts in August, flowering during August is beneficial. Areas having assured irrigation potential during April-May, flowering during January can be taken and where monsoon starts early and withdraws by September induction of flowering in October is possible. Considering comparable yields, prices and irrigation needs it is recommended that October cropping could be substituted for January flowering. 26

27. Bahar Treatment or Flower Initiation Bahar Flower initiation months Harvesting Advantages Ambe February-March June–August High flowering, high yield but fruits are more prone to sunscald and aril color development is poor. Summer showers may favor the spread of bacterial blight Mrig June–July November-January Assured rainfall, but more prone to bacterial blight and should be avoided Hast September–October February–April Less incidence and spread of bacterial blight and it may be preferred 27

28. Pollination Most pomegranates are self-fruitful, meaning they do not require another tree to cross pollinate with, as the bees do all the work. That said, planting another pomegranate near by can increase fruit production on both plants. A little cross pollination can’t hurt, but it isn’t necessary Pollination of pomegranate trees is done by bees. If you have a tree that is not producing, the most likely explanation is a lack of pollinators. There are two solutions here. The first is to hand-pollinate — a very simple process Hand-pollinating pomegranates requires a delicate, sable artist paintbrush (or even a cotton swab) and a light hand. Gently transfer the pollen from the male stamen to the female ovary. If you have multiple trees, go from tree to tree to cross pollinate, which will increase the crop And Second is Install bee houses equipped with larvae. Never spray pesticides. Include a water feature, such as a bird bath or fountain, in the landscape 28

29. Essential operation Training:- Plants are trained on a single stem or in multi-stem system In single stem method, all side shoots are removed from the beginning itself and only a single is retained till a height of about one meter The crops trained on single stem training system are more susceptible to pests viz. stem borer and shoot hole borer  Pinching of stem tip results in branching and 4-5 well distributed shoots are usually allowed to grow This training system is not considered as economical for commercial purposes Multi-stemmed training is adopted by allowing 3-5 stems at a hill imparting a bushy appearance to plants. Production of more ground suckers in this system is a common problem 29

30. Pruning:- Pruning is not much required except for removal of ground suckers , water shoots, cross branches , dead and diseased twigs and also to give shape to the tree. A little thinning and pruning of old spurs is done to encourage growth of new ones Flowers and fruits are produced terminally on shorts spurs produced all along the slow growing mature wood and hence pruning should be done carefully not to reduce the fruit bearing area Inter-cropping:- Inter-cropping with low growing vegetables, pulses or green manure crops is beneficial. In arid regions, inter-cropping is possible only during the rainy season, whereas winter vegetables are feasible in irrigated areas Cont… 30

31. Harvesting & yield Pomegranate being a non-climacteric fruit should be picked when fully ripe. Pomegranate plants take 4-5 years to come into bearing  Harvesting of immature or over mature fruits affects the quality of the fruits. The fruits become ready for picking 120-130 days after fruit set Maturity indices are the fruits turn yellowish-red, get suppressed on sides, distinct sound of grain cracking inside when slightly pressed The calyx at the distal end of the fruit gets closed on maturity Harvesting is usually done by hand plucking of individual fruits A well-developed 8-10 year old tree yields 18-20 t/ha. The yield declines gradually after the trees attained 25-30 years of age 31

32. Varieties Ganesh: This is a selection from‘Alandi ’ Developed by Dr. Cheema at Pune which has revolutionized cultivation of pomegranate in Maharashtra state  This has soft seeds and pinkish flesh with juice of agreeable taste and bears heavily Dholka : Popular variety of Gujarat with fruits of large size, rind greenish yellow, flesh aril pinkish white seeds soft, juice acidic.  It is a medium cropper 32

33. Bhagwa : It is a selection from Arakta cultivar. Rind and arils are dark red, softer arils. Fruits weight about 250–300 g Mridula : It is cross between ganesh and Gul-a-shah red. Fruits are medium sized (230–270 g) with thick smooth dark red rind colour with blood red colour soft arils. Arils are juicy having TSS of 18 ° Brix Mridula 33

34. Wonderful Large, purple-red fruit with delicious, tangy flavor. Best quality in hot inland climate. Gaudy red-orange bloom, ornamental foliage. Long-lived, any soil. 150 hours. Self-fruitful Sweet Very sweet, virtually seedless fruit. (Even immature fruits are sweet.) Red skin, clear (non- staining) juice. Harvest late summer through fall. Coast or inland. 8-10 ft. arching shrub, or train as tree or espalier. Large, showy, orange-red flowers. 150 hours. Self-fruitful 34 Wonderful Sweet

35. Muskat : Rind colour is yellow with pink spots. Average fruit weight 360g. TSS 15.5%, acidity 0.28%, yield 15 kg per plant Jyothi : It is cross between Bassein seedless and Dholka . Aril colour pinkish white with red patches, soft seed. Average fruit weight 22g, TSS 15%, acidity 0.50% Jalore Seedless : Rind colour yellow with red patches. Aril colour pinkish with soft seed. Average fruit weight 155g, TSS 15%, acidity 0.30%, yield 16kg per plant Jodhpur Red : Aril colour dark pink, Rind colour light green with red patches. Most prone to fruit cracking. Average fruit weight 140g, TSS 15%, acidity 0.30%, yield 15kg per plant Jodhpur Local: Medium sized fruit with hard rind, fleshy aril light pink, sweet, juicy, seed moderately hard 35

36. Popular Varieties of pomegranate in India: State Popular cultivars Maharastra Alandi , Karadi and Muskati Rajasthan Jodhpuri red, Jodhpuri white and Jalore seedless Karnataka Madhugiri and Bassein ssedlees Gujarat Dholka , Bhagwa , Ganesh Haryana Chawla, Nabha and Country large red Tamilnadu Velludu 36

37. Other varieties : G-137: Clonal selection from Ganesh P-26: Seedling selection from Muscat Amlidana is New hybrid ( Ganesh × Nanha ) Ruby is hybrid of Ganesh, Kabul and Yercaud Soft-seeded Varieties: Jyothi , Ganesh, Bassein seedless, Paper shell Hard seeded Varieties: Khandhari , Alandi 37

38. Grading Grading is done based on fruit weight, size and rind colour . There are four grades in general: 1.Super-sized: Fruits with attractive bright red colour , smooth skin without any spots and weighing at least 750g from this grade 2.King-sized: fruits weigh between 500 to 750g each with attractive red colour and should be free from spots on skin 3.Queen-sized: Fruits have 400-500g weight with red- coloured rind without any spots 4.Prince-sized: Ripe fruits with 300 to 400g weight with red- coloured rind 38

39. Packing Commonly used packing materials are bamboo baskets and wooden crates Padding between layers with paddy straw or dried grass is given while packing, to check mechanical damages and injuries Corrugated fiberboard easy to handle. For export purpose white coloured boxes with five plies are generally used whereas red- coloured ones with three plies are used for domestic markets 39

40. Storage Recommended optimum low temperature for storage of pomegranate fruits is 6-8 o C at 90-95% RH under which shelf life can be extended up to 10-12 weeks. Temperatures below 5 o C result in chilling injury to fruits The minimum safe temperature for storage of fruits can be achieved by temperature conditioning at 55 o C for 60-120 minutes 40

41. Insect-Pest Pomegranate Butterfly ( Virachola isocrates ): It is mostly prevalent during the ‘ Mrig ' bahar . The adult female eggs on flower only or on young fruits. On hatching, the caterpillar bores into fruit and feed on the pulp. The fruits rot and drop off Control: The affected fruits should be collected and destroyed. Insecticide:- Malathion 50EC 0.1% or Dimethoate 30EC 0.06%, two rounds one at flower formation and next at fruit set Bark-eating Caterpillar ( Inderbela spp. ): The caterpillar bores the bark and feeds inside. Several holes can be seen on the trunk and the trees loose productivity. Wood dust and faceal matter hanging in the form of a web around the affected portion is indication of the borer activity Control : The webs around the affected portion should be cleaned. Cotton swab soaked in petrol or kerosene should be inserted in the holes and sealed with mud 41

42. Aphids : Aphids are yellowish green in colour . They suck the cell sap from the lower surface of the leaves and devitalize the plant. They secrete sweet sticky substance, which attracts fungal growth. The affected leaves show chlorotic patches. High humidity favours the multiplication of aphids Control : Spraying with Dimethoate (0.03%) or Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Malathion (0.1%) at 15 days interval effectively controls the aphid population 42

43. Fruit Fly : The attack is prominent during the rainy season. The female lays eggs under the rind of the fruits by puncturing. After hatching the caterpillars feed on the pulp. The affected fruits cease to develop and drop. During the rainy season, water enters through the small holes created by the females leading to fruit rot. The damage leads to severe economic losses Control : Since the pest remains inside the fruit chemical control measures are ineffective. Using 'fly traps' containing Methyl Eugenol and an insecticide can control the pest Damage of Fruit Fly Damage of Anaar Butterfuly 43

44. 1.Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora punicae Symptoms: Leaf spots are minute, brown with yellow halo Spots are scattered, circular or irregular and become dark brown with age Spots on lower side are sunken with clusters of spore bearing structures hence greyish in colour . Minute, circular, black spots appear on sepals of the flower Fruit spots are black, minute and circular on rind When grow old, become large, irregularly circular and depressed presenting an ugly look to the fruits   Management: Spray Thiophanate - methyl @ 1 g/l, Carbendazim 1g/l, Hexaconazole 1 ml/l or Propiconazole 1 ml/l for effective control Diseases 44

45. 2.  Alternaria fruit spot:  Alternaria alternata Symptoms: Small reddish brown circular spots appear on the fruits As the disease advances these spots, coalesce to form larger patches and the fruits start rotting. The fruits get affected which become pale and become unfit for consumption  Management: All the affected fruits should be collected and destroyed Spraying Mancozeb (0.25%) or Captaf (0.25%) for controls the disease 45

46. Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Symptoms: Appears as small regular or irregular dull violet or black leaf spots with yellowish halos and leaves turn yellow and fall out. Symptoms appear on flowers also Both tender and mature fruits develop spots which are initially circular later becoming irregular, brown to dark brown covering the fruit partly or wholly with sunken centre Management: Carbendazim / Difenconazole or Thiophanate methyl at 0.25ml/lit sprays at fort-nightly intervals have been found effective 46

47. 3. Bacterial blight: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv . punicae Symptoms: Appearance of one to several small water soaked, dark coloured irregular spots on leaves resulting in premature defoliation under severe cases Spots on fruits were dark brown irregular slightly raised with oily appearance, which split open with L-shaped cracks under severe cases Management: Pruning affected branches, fruits regularly and burning Bahar should be done in Hasta or Ambe bahar Spray 0.5 g Streptomycin Sulphate or Bacterinashak +2.5 g Copper oxy chloride per litre of water 47

48. Physiological Disorders 1.Internal break down of arils: Causes: Complex (Exact cause to be established) Delayed harvesting, Varietal character, Nutritional deficiency etc. Nature of damage: Mainly affects fruits which reveal blackening and rotting of arils only when cut and opened and become unfit for consumption and damage 2. Fruit cracking: Causes: ( i ) Improper irrigation (ii) Boron deficiency Nature of damage: Fruits reveal cracking as a result pulp gets exposed to secondary pathogens, thereby affecting fruit quality 3. Sun Scald: Causes: Fruits on trees mainly facing direct sun rays reveal sun scald. Improper pruning is one of he reasons Nature of damage: Peel of affected fruits reveal sun burn symptoms reducing market value of such fruits 48

49. Fruit Cracking Sun Scald Internal Break Down of Arils 49

50. Progressive Farmer Padmashree Genabhai chaudhari , Tharad 50

51. He is a progressive farmer who did great work in pomegranate planting in Banaskantha region. He got 20-25 state level award. 8 national level award. He also get Padmashree award of 2017. 51

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53. He attend World Krushi Mahotsav in Israel among the 40 progressive farmers of india 53

54. References Instant Horticulture By S. N. Gupta Glaustas Horticulture By P. Muthukumar & R. Selvakumar Basic Horticulture By Jitendra Singh Lecture note of Tropical and Sub tropical fruit crops 54

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