PROJECT WRITING SEMINAR for researcherss

Writing a successful project involves a clear, structured approach. Here are good steps to follow:

### 1. **Understand the Project Scope**
- Identify the purpose of the project.
- Determine the key questions or objectives you aim to address.
- Understand the audience and requirements.

### 2. **Research and Data Collection**
- Gather relevant information through books, articles, interviews, and surveys.
- Take notes, highlighting important points.
- Ensure sources are credible and relevant.

### 3. **Develop a Clear Outline**
- Organize your project into sections: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations (if applicable).
- Draft the main points under each section to create a roadmap.

### 4. **Write the Introduction**
- Clearly state the purpose, background, and objectives of your project.
- Provide context for why the project is important.
- Mention the scope and limitations.

### 5. **Literature Review**
- Summarize existing research related to your topic.
- Highlight gaps that your project will address.
- Provide a critical analysis of the sources.

### 6. **Develop Methodology**
- Describe the methods you used to collect and analyze data.
- Include the tools, processes, and justification for the chosen approach.

### 7. **Present Results/Findings**
- Summarize the key findings of your research.
- Use graphs, charts, or tables to present data effectively (if necessary).
- Be objective and stick to the data.

### 8. **Write the Discussion**
- Interpret the results.
- Discuss whether the findings meet the project objectives.
- Compare results with existing studies and highlight implications.

### 9. **Conclude the Project**
- Summarize the main points of your project.
- Reflect on whether the research objectives were met.
- Offer recommendations if applicable.

### 10. **Edit and Revise**
- Review your project for clarity, coherence, and flow.
- Ensure grammar, punctuation, and formatting are correct.
- Get feedback from peers or mentors.

### 11. **Format and Finalize**
- Follow the required formatting guidelines (APA, MLA, etc.).
- Ensure all sources are cited correctly.
- Include a title page, abstract (if needed), and appendices (if applicable).

### 12. **Proofread**
- Carefully proofread your work for any final mistakes.
- Ensure consistency in language and style.

Following these steps will guide you through writing a well-organized and thorough project.

1. A SEMINAR ORGANIZED FOR


TAI SOLARIN COLLEGE OF EDUCATION



Delivered By

RASHEED, Oluwasegun Kazeem
([phone], ([phone]
[email protected]

Ph.D (In view), M.Ed, B.Sc (Ed), MNAEAP, EMPM, MNIM, MTRCN, MACSN, CT,
Dip. Digital Mkt., CEAF, CME, W
10
FE, CMIE, FMIE, MAPROCON, AMIBRN,
MCIEMA (USA)



CAPACITY BUILDING ON PRESENTABLE
PROJECT

2. RESEARCH
Research is defined as a careful consideration of
study regarding a particular concern or a problem
using scientific methods. This means that anything
called research must find SOLUTION TO A
PROBLEM.
Every good research quest for the following:
•WHAT – The Topic
• HOW – The Method to be Used
•WHERE- Location
• WHEN – Time Frame

NOTE THAT: RESEARCH IS CONTINUM BECAUSE IF A SOLUTION IS FOUND TO
A PROBLEM ANOTHER ONE EMANATES FROM THERE.

3. TYPES OF RESEARCH
•Action Research: - This is a research type that focuses on finding a solution to local
problem in a local setting.

•Case and Field Study Research: - This is a research type in which data are gathered
directly from individual or social or community for the purpose of studying interactions,
attitudes or characteristics of individuals or groups.

•Correlational research: - This is a research type used to investigate the relationship
between one or more factors and one or more other factors.

•Descriptive or Normative Research: - This is a research type used to describe the
incidence, frequency and distribution of certain characteristics of a population.

•Ethnography Research : This is a research type that involves an in-depth study of an
intact cultural group in a natural setting.

•Expost Facto or Evaluation Research: - This is a research type which observes existing
causal comparative search through the data for plausible causal factors.

•Grounded Theory Research: This is a research type which studies that aim at deriving
theory through the use of multiple stages of data collection and interpretation.

•Historical Research: This is a research type that attempts to solve certain problems
arising out of historical context through gathering and examining of relevant data.

4. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Phenomenological Research: This is a research type that attempts to understand
participants perspectives and views of social realities.

•Quasi-Experimental Research: This is a research type that is not based on randomization
and control of variables.

•True-Experimental Research: This is a research type that is used to assess the effect of the
treatments.

•Basic Research: This is a research type conducted to enhance and add to existing
knowledge.

• Applied Research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems.

•Problem Oriented Research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is
conducted to understand the exact nature of the problem to find out relevant solutions.

•Quantitative Research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting data and
analyzing it to draw conclusions.

•Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry, that helps in-
depth understanding of the problems or issues in their natural settings.

5. TYPES OF RESEARCH
•Exploratory Research: It is conducted to handle new
problem areas which have not been explored before.

•Descriptive Research: Descriptive research focuses
on throwing more light on current issues through a
process of data collection.

•Survey Research: A survey research is a method in
which subjects respond to a series of statements or
questions in a questionnaire or an interview.

NOTE: THE KIND OF RESEARCH TO BE EMBARKED ON
DETERMINES THE CHOICE OF RESEARCH TOPIC.

6. RESEARCH TOPIC
•The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill.
Be aware that selecting a good topic may not be easy. It must be
narrowed and focused enough to be interesting, yet broad enough
to find adequate information.
•When deciding on a research topic, here are few things you need
to do:
1: BRAINSTORM FOR IDEAS
2: READ GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON RELATED TOPIC
3: FOCUS ON YOUR SCOPE
4: MAKE A LIST OF USEFUL KEYWORDS TO BE USED
5: BE FLEXIBLE ON THE TOPIC
6: FORMULATE RESEARCH QUESTIONS/ HYPOTHESES
7: IT MUST BE CONTEMPORARY
8: IT MUST BE RESEARCHABLE
9: IT MUST PRONE TO ADD TO KNOWLEDGE
10: MUST BE FREE FROM AMBIGUITY
11. MUST FIND SOLUTION TO BURNING ISSUE

7. PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
•The purpose of the research needs to be determined
before conducting it or sketching the writing format.
You need to ask yourself what your study is all about.
Would it be for:
1.Academics Purpose?
2.Personal Purpose?
3.Consulting Purpose?
4.Journal Purpose?
5.Conference Purpose?
6.Fun Purpose or?
7.Otherwise [monetary gain]

8. SHAPING AND REFINING THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM

THIS IS DONE BY
• IDENTIFYING THE COMMON VARIABLES
[INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT].

•STATE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

•FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES.

•KNOW THE TOOL TO BE USED [QUESTIONNAIRE OR
INTERVIEW].

•KNOW THE STATISTICAL TOOL(S) TO BE USED.

9. KNOWING THE STATISTICAL TOOL(S) TO BE USED.

1.Measure of Central Tendency: it is used to describe the average of
the entire sample of scores. It comprises of the Mean, Median and
Mode. The mean is more suitable than the median and mode.
2.Measure of Variability: This provides answer to information
regarding the extent of individual differences like intelligence,
leadership style, gender etc. Standard deviation is mostly used
here which metamorphosed to T-Score and Z-Score or Test
3. Correlational Statistics: This enables researcher to describe the
strength between two or more variables. Under this are Pearson
Product Moment Correlation, Spearman Ranking Correlation, Bi-
Serial Correlation and Kendall Tau Correlation.
4.Multivariable Statistics: This involves the use of REGRESSION
which is used to describe the strength of relationship between
several independent variables and one dependent variables.
5.Canonical Correlation Statistics: This is used to describe the
strength of relationship between several independent variables
and several dependent variables.

10. KNOWING THE STATISTICAL TOOL(S) TO BE USED.

6. Chi-Square: This is used to find relationship between theoretical
relative frequency distributions and the frequencies which are
actually observed. That is, to measure discrepancy between the
observed and the expected frequencies.
7. Item Validity Coefficient: This is used to describe the strength of
relationship between an item score and total test score.
8. Item reliability Coefficient: This is used to describe the strength of
relationship between an item score and total score.
9. T-test: it is used to determine whether two mean proportions or
correlation coefficient differ significantly from each other. It used
when the sample size is relatively small
10.Z-test: It is used to test hypotheses when comparing the
differences between two population means especially when they
are large.
Note: A sample size is large in research when it is more than 30

11. POPULATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
N-----n N-----n N-----n N-----n N-----n
10-----10 100-----80 280-----162 800-----260 2800-----338
15-----14 110-----86 290-----165 850-----265 3000-----341
20-----19 120-----92 300-----169 900-----269 3500-----346
25-----24 130-----97 320-----175 950-----274 4000-----351
30-----28 140-----103 340-----181 1000-----278 4500-----354
35-----32 150-----108 360-----186 1100-----285 5000-----357
40-----36 160-----113 380-----191 1200-----291 6000-----361
45-----40 170-----118 400-----196 1300-----297 7000-----364
50-----44 180-----123 420-----201 1400-----302 8000-----367
55-----48 190-----127 440-----205 1500-----306 9000-----368
60-----52 200-----132 460-----210 1600-----310 10000-----370
65-----56 210-----136 480-----214 1700-----313 15000-----375
70-----59 220-----140 500-----217 1800-----317 20000-----377
75-----63 230-----144 550-----226 1900-----320 30000-----379
80-----66 240-----148 600-----234 2000-----322 40000-----380
85-----70 250-----152 650-----242 2200-----327 50000-----381
90-----73 260-----155 700-----248 2400-----331 75000-----382
95-----76 270-----159 750-----254 2600-----335 100000-----384
POPULATION : A POPULATION IS ANY GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE ONE OR MORE CHARACTERISTICS
IN COMMON THAT ARE OF INTEREST TO THE RESEARCHER.

SAMPLE: A SAMPLE IS A SMALL PROPORTION OF A POPULATION SELECTED FOR OBSERVATION AND
ANALYSIS.
FO ANY RESEARCH TO BE ACCEPTED THE SAMPLE USED MUST BE STANDARD. TO MAKE YOUR SAMPLE
STANDARDIZED, MORGAN TABLE NEED TO BE FOLLED

Source: Krejcie and Morgan (1970)

12. AVOID PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is presentation of other people’s work as if it is your own without
acknowledging them. It could come in either of the following:
Direct Plagiarism : This is the transcription of someone else’s work word-for-word
without attribution and citation.

Self Plagiarism: This occurs when a student submits his or her own previous work,
or mixes parts of previous works without referencing it.

Mosaic Plagiarism: It occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source
without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language while
keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original.

Accidental Plagiarism: This occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or
unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words,
and/or sentence structure without attribution.
Verbatim Plagiarism (Copy-and-Paste): Verbatim Plagiarism is the copying of
another’s words and works without providing proper attribution, indentation or
quotation marks.

13. AVOID PLAGIARISM
How to Avoid Plagiarism in Research
•The key to avoiding plagiarism is given credit where credit is due. Some
ways to avoid plagiarism include:
•Take good notes as you read. Note the author and page number of where
you read ideas and/or facts.
•Create a good system of organizing your research notes. Make time to
provide citations in your paper.
•Make sure to use in-text citations to give authors credit for their ideas.
•Use turnitin software or application to check your plagiarism level.

CONSEQUENCIES OF PLAGIARISM
•Plagiarism can get you expelled from your course, college and/or
university.
•Plagiarism can result in your work being destroyed.
•Plagiarism can result in expulsion from you academic institution, in some
cases permanent expulsion.
•Plagiarism can result in legal action; fines and penalties etc.

14. CITE WELL
Citation refers to referencing. Referencing is also called
citation.
Referencing can be defined as a method of
acknowledging and recognizing someone for his or her
innovative work that you used in your research to back
and support your idea.
What are the Purposes of Referencing?
Referencing has become a necessary element of
academic writing. It is used to locate the original source
of work so that everyone may access the material and
understand it in his/her own way. Another purpose of it
is to fight AGAINST PLAGIARISM.

15. REFERENCING STYLES

There are various standard methods used for citing the source of
work. These methods are called referencing styles or citation
styles. Some common and widely used citation styles are:
•Harvard Referencing Style
•Vancouver Referencing Style
•APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style
•MLA ((Modern Language Association) Referencing Style
•Chicago/ Turabian Referencing Style

There are other styles that are not that common but are still
required at some places:
•ACS (American Chemical Society)
•AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)
•AMA (American Medical Association)
•CSE/ CBE (Council of Science Editors/ Council of Biology Editors)
•IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

16. PROJECT CHAPTERIZATION
•The Acceptance Page
•The Dedication Page
• The Acknowledgment Page
•Abstract
•Table of Content
•List of Tables
•List of Abbreviations
•CHAPTER ONE – The Introduction
•The Background to the Problem: You have to present the reasoning to be clear and convincing to the
readers.
•The Problem Statement: It deals with the nature of the topic or issue of study which needs clarification.
•The Significance of the Study: This shows the utility value of the research. The findings of your research are
expected to profit some individuals or institutions, etc. These beneficiaries and the benefit expected to
accrue to them ought to be mentioned.
•The Purpose/Objectives of the Study: This should state the specific aspects of the problem investigated in
the research and the reasons for focusing on these aspects. This section should give a brief overview of all
the elements that would be investigated.
•The Research Questions and / or Hypotheses: These are stated in order to guide and direct the researcher
in the investigation especially in the area of literature review, collection an analysis of data, discussion etc.
•The Scope of the Study: This indicates the extent to which the researcher intended to cover the topic, the
geographical area, time period and variables to be covered. Some of the times, this section is interchanged
with delimitation of the study.
•The Definition of Terms: This section is used to educate and inform the reader on the operational meaning of any
coined or technical words, phrases or expression which cannot otherwise be understood because of their
unconventional usage. At least TWENTY TERMS are required.

17. PROJECT CHAPTERIZATION
CHAPTER TWO – Literature Review
•Conceptual View
•Empirical View
•Theoretical View
•Appraisal of Literatures
CHAPTER THREE – Methodology
•The Research Design: The research designed used for the research work should be stated
here.
•The Population: The population used for the research work should be stated here.
•The Sampling Technique: The sampling procedure used for the research work should be
stated here.
•Instrumentation: Instrument like questionnaire or interview used should be stated here.
•Data Collection: Explanation of how data was collected should be explained here.
•Data Analysis Techniques: the statistical tool(s) like [Chi-square, t-test, z-test, standard
deviation, Pearson product monument and Anova among others] used for the research
must be stated here.
•Limitations of the Study: Factors inhibiting the smooth process of the research should be
explained here.

18. PROJECT CHAPTERIZATION
CHAPTER FOUR: All the analysis obtained from the data collected would explained in clear
terms here. The process is given thus;
•Data Analysis and Presentation of Results.
•Interpretation of the Findings
•Discussion of the Findings


CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusion, Recommendations and Implications.
•The Summary: In this section you should clearly and concisely restate the problem, the
hypotheses and / or research questions and findings.
•The Conclusion: This should be based solely on the findings generated by the research.
•Recommendations: Based on the findings and conclusions of the study you may make
some valuable recommendation that you think are appropriate for application in your
area of practice in order to make activities processes more effective.
•Contribution to Knowledge: This will fill the gap of what knowledge is there to be filled
among the existing literatures
•Implications of the Study: At this stage you may wish to include personal ideas on the
relevance of the findings to theory and practice. These ideas should be directly derived
from the study.
•Suggestion for Further Study: You should genuinely provide these as if they are matters
arising from the research study.

19. PROJECT MODERATION CRITERIAS

1.KNOW THE VARIABLES IN THE TOPIC
2.KNOW THE KIND OF RESEARCH CARRIED
3.DETERMINE THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH
4.DEFINE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM RIGHTLY
5.LINK THE AIM WITH CHAPTER TWO
6.KNOW THE RIGHT POPULATION USED
7.MAKE SURE THE STATISTICAL TOOL(S) USED
CORRESPOND WITH THE TOPIC
8.ENSURE A PROPER LITERATURE REVIEW
9.ENSURE THE WORK IS WELL CITED AND REFERENCED
10. THE PROJECT MUST CONTRIBUTE TO EXISTING
KNOWLEDGE
11.THE ABSTRACT MUST BE ADEQUATE

20. HINTS ON ABSTRACT
• Aim and objectives: What are the main themes,
ideas or areas of theory being investigated?
• Methodology: What was/were the main
method(s) employed to generate the results?
• Results: What were your main findings?
• Conclusions: What are the main conclusions that
you arrive at when viewing the entire dissertation?
• Recommendations: (if appropriate) What
solutions do you offer in answer to the problems
posed in the research objectives?