PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC PRESENTATION.pptx

BASIC AND DISCRIPTIVE EXPLANATION WITH A PRESENTATION OF WHAT PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS ARE AND THEIR BASIC FUNCTION.

1. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes By :- Khushboo Mishra B.Sc. 2 year Department of microbiology

2. CONTENT Prokaryotes Characteristics of prokaryotes Shapes of prokaryotic cell Eukaryotes Characteristics of eukaryotes Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Similarities between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

3. PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes are organism made up prokaryotic cell that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. Prokaryotic cell were here first and for billions of years were the only form of life on earth. All prokaryotic organism are unicellular .

4. Characteristics of prokaryotes Prokaryotes are the simplest types of cells . Oldest type of cell appeared about four billion years ago. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms . Prokaryotes unicellular organism that are found in all environments .

5. Prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane . Their circular shaped genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm. Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles. They have a simple internal structure . They are smaller in size when compared to eukaryotes.

6. SHAPES OF PROKARYOTES Fig no 1:- shapes of prokaryotes

7. A typical prokaryotic cell might contain the following parts:- Cell wall : the membrane surrounding and protecting the cell Cytoplasm : all of the material inside a cell except the nucleus Flagella and pili : protein-based filaments found on the outside of some prokaryotic cells Nucleoid : a nucleus-like region of the cell where genetic material is kept Plasmid : a small molecule of DNA that can reproduce independently

8. Fig no 2 :- structure of a prokaryotic cell

9. Examples of prokaryotes Examples of prokaryotes are:- Bacteria Archaea . Among them , Bacteria is the most common and multiply very fast. Prokaryotes are smaller and simple. 10-100 micron in size. single celled [unicellular ] or Filamentous [ string of single cells ].

10. BACTERIA Bacteria are smallest microorganisms. Bacteria are the sole members of Kingdom Monera . Kingdom Monera is given by Copeland. They have simple cell structure but show complex behavior. They are unicellular, prokaryotes and cosmopolitan (found everywhere). They also live in extreme habitat such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans. Most of them are heterotrophic and some of them are autotrophic. They have pili and flagella in their body. Size range from 0.5 to 1.5 µm. Reproduction is asexual. The genetic material is Nucleoid and plasmid. They have Mesosomes (folding of cell membrane). The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology .

11. Classification ON THE BASIS OF SHAPES:- COCCUS (SPERICAL SHAPED) EXAMPLE :STREPCOCCUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS BACILLUS (ROD SHAPED) EXAMPLE :E.COLI SPIRILLUM (SPIRAL SHAPED) EXAMPLE :TREPONEMA PLEOMORPHIC EXAMPLE :MYCOPLASMA Fig no:- 03 shapes of bacteria

12. ON THE BASIS OF STAINING :- Gram positive Gram negative Fig no:- 04 cell wall difference Fig no :- 05 difference between gram+ and gram- bacteria

13. PEPTIDOGLYCAN Peptidoglycan is also known as murein is a polymer consisting of sugar and amino acids that forms. a mesh like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria forming the cell wall. It is the basic of unit of cell wall in bacteria and protects the cell from bursting due to turgor and maintains cell shape. Peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in gram positive bacteria than a gram negative bacteria . Some archaea have as similar layer of puesodopeptidoglycan which makes cell wall of archaea insensitive to lysozyme .

14. Some useful bacteria

15. Some harmful bacteria

16. ARCHAEA Archaea constitute a domain of single celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes . Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi . The first observed archaea were extremophiles, living in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms.

17. Comparison with other domains

18. Structure of Archaea Fig no :- 06 structure of archaea

19. EUKARYOTES Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells appeared on earth long after prokaryotic cells but they are much more advanced . Eukaryotic organism unlike prokaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular.

20. Characteristics of eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells appeared approximately one billion year ago. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. Nuclear membrane surrounds linear genetic material [ DNA ]. Unlike prokaryotes , eukaryotes have several different parts. They are larger than prokaryotes in size .

21. Fig no :- 07 typical structure of a animal cell

22. Examples of eukaryotes:- Examples include:- Animal Fungus Plant Protozoa Algae

23. Difference between plant cell and animal cell

24. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

25. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Organelles lack a membrane . Organelles covered by a membrane. 2. Ribosomes are the only organelle. Multiple organelles including ribosomes. 3. Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm. Membrane covered genetic material. 4. Circular DNA. Linear DNA. Unicellular Maybe multicellular or unicellular. 6. Cells are smaller in size . Cells are larger in size. 7 . Has large number of organisms. Has smaller number of organism. 8. Examples :- Bacteria and archaea. Examples:- Protist , fungi , plant , and animal.

26. Fig no :- 08 difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

27. Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Both type of cell have cell membranes[ outer covering of cell ]. Both type of cell have ribosomes. Both type of cell have DNA. Both type of cell have a liquid environment known as cytoplasm .

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