Prompting Self Esteem In Pyschiatric Nursing.ppt

Self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value — how much one appreciates, accepts, and respects oneself. It represents the degree to which a person feels confident, capable, and worthy of love and respect. In psychiatric nursing, understanding self-esteem is essential, as it plays a vital role in mental health, emotional stability, and interpersonal functioning.

Low self-esteem is commonly seen in various psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse. It may lead to feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, guilt, and poor coping abilities. Conversely, excessively high or unstable self-esteem can be linked to narcissistic traits or manic episodes.

Psychiatric nurses assess a client’s self-esteem through observation, interviews, and standardized tools such as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Nursing interventions aim to enhance positive self-concept, promote self-acceptance, and strengthen coping mechanisms. Techniques include establishing a therapeutic relationship, providing positive feedback, setting realistic goals, and encouraging participation in activities that foster achievement and self-confidence.

Thus, in psychiatric nursing practice, promoting healthy self-esteem is crucial for emotional recovery, rehabilitation, and improved quality of life of clients.

1. PROMPTING SELF ESTEEM

2. AIM At the end of the seminar students will be able to gain in depth knowledge about self esteem along with verbal and non verbal manifestation for low self esteem.

3. OBJECTIVES 1) Identify and define components of self concept. 2) Discuss influencing factors in the development of self esteem and it’s progression through life span. 3) Describe the verbal and non verbal manifestation of low self esteem

4. 4) Discuss the concept of boundaries and it’s relationship to self esteem. 5) Apply nursing process with clients who are experiencing disturbance in self esteem. OBJECTIVES

5. SELF ESTEEM 1. Rosenberg (1965): Self-esteem is defined as a “favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self.” It reflects an individual’s overall emotional evaluation of their worth or value.
2. Coopersmith (1967): Self-esteem is “the evaluation which the individual makes and customarily maintains with regard to himself; it expresses an attitude of approval or disapproval, and indicates the extent to which the individual believes himself to be capable, significant, successful, and worthy.”

6. 3. Branden (1994):
Self-esteem is “the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness.”
4. James (1890):
Self-esteem is conceptualized as the ratio of one’s successes to one’s aspirations. It reflects how well a person perceives themselves to be meeting their goals or expectations.
5. Mruk (2006):
Self-esteem is “the lived status of one’s competence at dealing with the challenges of living in a worthy way over time.” SELF ESTEEM

7. SELF CONCEPT Self-concept is the cognitive or thinking component of the self, and generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence ( Huitt , 2011).
Refers to the overall perception of who you are as a person.It includes your beliefs, values, attributes, and how you define yourself (e.g., “I am a nurse,” “I am caring”).Self-concept encompasses multiple dimensions, such as physical, social, emotional, and academic self-perceptions.

8. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT 1) Physical Self or Body Image
An individual’s body image is a subjective perception of one’s physical appearance based on self-evaluation and on reactions and feedback from others, Gorman and Sultan (2008) state

9. Body image is the mental picture a person has of his or her own body. Ir significantly influences the way a person thinks and feels about his or her body as a whole, about its functions, and about the internal and external sensations associated with it. It also includes perceptions of the way others are the person’s body and is central to self-concept and self-esteem. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT

10. 2) Personal Identity A) The moral-ethical self is that aspect of the personal Identity that evaluates who the individual says he or she is. This component of the personal self observes, compares, sets standards, and makes judgments that influence an individual’s self-evaluation. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT

11. B) Self-consistency is the component of the personal Identity that strives to maintain a stable self-image. Even if the self-image is negative, because of this need for stability and self-consistency, the individual resists letting go of the image from which he achieved a measure of constancy. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT

12. C) Self-ideal/self-expectancy relates to an individual’s perception of what he or she wants to be, to do, or to become. The concept of the ideal self arises out of the perception one has of the expectations of others. Disturbance in self-concept can occur when individuals are unable to achieve their ideals and expectancies. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT

13. 3)Self-Esteem Refers to the value or worth you place on yourself. It is how positively or negatively you feel about your self-concept. For example, if part of your self-concept is “I am a good nurse,” your self-esteem is how confident or proud you feel about being a good nurse. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT

14. Self-concept provides the foundation for self-esteem. If your self-concept aligns with positive beliefs (e.g., “I am capable”), it typically boosts self-esteem. However, if self-concept is associated with negative beliefs (e.g., “I am not good enough”), it may lower self-esteem. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT

15. MANIFESTATION OF LOW SELF ESTEEM Individuals with low self-esteem perceive themselves. To be incompetent, unlovable, insecure, and unworthy, The number of manifestations exhibited is influenced. By the degree to which an individual experiences low self-esteem. Roy (1976, 2009) categorized behaviors according to the type of stimuli that give rise to these behaviors and affirmed the importance of including this type of information in the nursing assessment. Stimulus categories are identified as forul , contextual, and residual.

16. Focal Stimuli
A focal stimulus is the immediate concern that is causing the threat to self-esteem and the stimulus that is engendering the current behavior. Examples of focal stimuli include termination of a significant relation-ship, loss of employment, and failure to pass the nursing state board examination MANIFESTATION OF LOW SELF ESTEEM

17. Contextual Stimuli
Contextual stimuli are all of the other stimuli present in the person’s environment that contribute to the behavior being caused by the focal stimulus. Examples of contextual stimuli related to the previously mentioned focal stimuli might be a child of the relationship becoming emotionally disabled in response to the divorce, advanced age interfering with obtaining employment, or a significant other who states, “I knew you weren’t smart enough to pass state boards MANIFESTATION OF LOW SELF ESTEEM

18. Residual Stimuli
Residual stimuli are factors that may influence one’s maladaptive behavior in response to focal and contextual stimuli. An individual conducting a self-esteem assessment might presume from previous knowledge that certain beliefs, attitudes, experiences, traits have an effect client behavior, even though it cannot be clearly substantiated. For example, being reared in an atmosphere of ridicule and deprecation may be affecting current adaptation to failure on the state board examination MANIFESTATION OF LOW SELF ESTEEM

19. BOUNDARIES The word boundary is used to denote the personal space, both physical and psychological, that individuals also identify as their own. Boundaries are sometimes referred to as limits the limit or degree to which individuals feel comfortable in a relationship. Boundaries define and differentiate an individual’s physical and psychological space from the physical and psychological space of others.

20. Boundary Pliancy Boundaries can be rigid, flexible, or enmeshed. The behavior of dogs and cats can be a good illustration of rigid boundaries and flexible boundaries. Most dogs want to be as close to people as possible. When “their people” walk into the room, the dog is likely to be all over them. They want to be where their people are and do what they are doing. Dogs have very flexible boundaries.
Cats, on the other hand, have very distinct boundaries. They do what they want, when they want. They decide how close they will be to their people, and when. Cats take notice when their people enter a room but may not even acknowledge their presence (until the cat decides the time is right). Their boundaries are less flexible than those of

21. NURSING PROCESS

22. CHRONIC LOW SELF ESTEEM Definition: Long-standing negative self-evaluating/feelings about self or self-capabilities.
Defining Characteristics -: Dependent on others’ opinions , Hesitant to try new situations , Evaluation of self as unable to deal with events , Hesitant to try new things, Indecisive behavior, Exaggerates negative feedback about self , Lack of eye contact, Nonassertive behavior, Excessively seeks reassurance, Overly conforming, Expressions of guilt and shame, Passive, Frequent lack of success in life events, Rejects positive feedback about self.

23. Situational Low Self-Esteem Definition: Development of a negative perception of self-worth in response to a current situation. Defining Characteristics-:
Reports current situational challenge to self-worth
Self-negating verbalizations
Indecisive, nonassertive behavior
Evaluation of self as unable to deal with situations or events
Expressions of helplessness and uselessness

24. Risk for Chronic Low Self-Esteem Definition: At risk for long-standing negative self-evaluating/feelings about self or self-capabilities. Risk Factors Ineffective adaptation to loss Perceived lack of belonging Lack of affection Perceived lack of respect from others Lack of membership in group Psychiatric disorder

25. Low Self-Esteem Definition: At risk for developing negative perception of self-worth in response to a current situation.
Risk Factors
Behavior inconsistent with values Failures , Physical illness , Functional impairment , History of learned helplessness , Decreased control over environment ,Rejections , History of abandonment ,History of neglect , Developmental changes , Social role changes , Lack of recognition.

26. NURSING CARE PLAN Ensure that client goals are realistic. Unrealistic goals set up the client for failure. Provide encouragement and positive reinforcement for attempts at change. Give recognition of accomplishments, however small.

27. RESEARCH ABSTRACT Title: The Role of Social Media Usage in Adolescent Self-Esteem Development: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Sarah M. Nantar , James H. Chen, & Rebecca L. Wilson
Institution: Department of Psychology, Stanford University
Year Published: 2023
Despite extensive research on self-esteem in adolescents, the impact of increasing social media usage on self-esteem development remains incompletely understood. This longitudinal study examined the relationship between social media usage patterns and self-esteem fluctuations among 2,847 adolescents (ages 13-17) over a 24-month period. Using a mixed-methods approach combining daily social media usage tracking, quarterly self-esteem assessments (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and semi-structured interviews, the study revealed a significant inverse correlation between time spent on image-focused social media platforms and self-esteem scores (r = -0.42, p < 0.001). Notably, adolescents who engaged primarily in content creation, rather than passive consumption, demonstrated more stable self-esteem metrics. The findings suggest that the nature of social media engagement, rather than mere usage time, plays a crucial role in adolescent self-esteem development, with implications for both mental health interventions and digital literacy education.

28. QUESTION ASKED IN EXAM 1) Plan a nursing process for Low self esteem ( 12 Marks) 2) Explain Boundaries (5 Marks) 3) Explain Self Concept ( 5 Marks)

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