Proposal and Plan for Waste to Wealth Scheme - BCS 09 Final

Business Case 09 Final Submission- Submission Date & Time : 2021-04-03 10:53:51 Submitted By : Himanshu Ahuja - From Team Edison

1. Green Wealth Pvt. Ltd.
‘Waste to Wealth’ Project
Plan and Proposal
Introduction – About Bhopal City
Madhya Pradesh is a large state having status of 5th most populous state in
India. M.P. has 378 urban local Bodies (ULB). 55% of State’s gross domestic
product has been generated by population living in urban areas. Bhopal is
the capital city of the state of Madhya Pradesh and is the administrative
headquarters of both Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. Bhopal was
selected amongst all the Indian cities to be developed as a ‘Smart city’ under
PM Modi’s flagship ‘Smart Cities Mission’. The population of the Bhopal city
(the area under Bhopal Municipal Corporation) is 1,798,218, with 936,168
males and 862,050 females. The population of the Bhopal metropolitan area
(the urban agglomeration that extends beyond Bhopal city) is 1,886,100
according to the last census data.
Bhopal Development Authority is the apex body for planning and co-
ordination of development activities in the Madhya Pradesh, which consists
of Bhopal and its influence area, and was set up in 1976 under the Bhopal
Development Authority Act, 1974. System of solid waste disposal in urban
areas is governed by the municipality under the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules 2000. These rules have been framed
under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. The city of Bhopal generates
900 tons of solid waste. As of 2018, only 1.5% of this waste is segregated,
thereby making waste segregation a serious concern within Bhopal. While
the municipality website states that door-to-door collection was started by
BMC at each zone, the Free Press Journal has reported in 2020 that the civic
body has failed in the same. Bhopal has 8 transfer stations, where the
garbage collected zone wise is dumped, and without any segregation, the
waste is transferred to the Adampur Chhawni landfill site. In 2019, it was
announced that India's first e-waste clinic was being set up in Bhopal. BMC
along with Central Pollution Control Board came together to establish this
clinic which will enable segregation, processing and disposal of waste, both

2. residential and commercial. In January 2020, the clinic was inaugurated for
operations. It started initially as a three-month pilot and if the pilot is
successful, the clinics will be opened in other places as well.
Solid Waste Management: A Severe Challenge
An increase in solid waste is observed because of increase in urbanization,
population density, and income. The growth of industry, commercial units
such as hotels, theatres, restaurants, malls are rising in leaps and bounds.
Such units are positively contributing to the solid waste generation. Solid
waste collection, segregation and disposal capacity of Municipal
Corporations is low and inadequate with the rising solid waste. Therefore,
municipal corporations are aiming to adopt scientific methods for collection,
segregation, and disposal of solid waste. Municipal Corporation is required
to collaborate with the private sector for investment and effective
management of solid waste.
Improper and unorganized disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in open
areas and landfills have a negative impact on the living conditions of human
beings as well as the overall environment. It results in spread of
communicable and non-communicable diseases among human beings and
animals, thus affecting the welfare, livelihood and economic productivity. In
addition, it causes contaminations of soil, surface water, ground water and
generation of toxic and green-house gases. Hence, a systematic, scientific,
and tech-enabled mechanism is required for solid waste management
through creating wealth from waste.
Problem before Government of Madhya Pradesh
In Smaller Urban Local Bodies (ULB’s) where waste generation is 5 to 10
Metric Ton per Day (TPD), current waste management practices has become
inefficient and financially nonviable, due to excessive cost as well as non-
availability of land in smaller ULB’s. Government wants to make waste
management processes to become efficient & financially viable and thus
plan to establish region wise integrated waste management facilities
covering nearby ULB’s. Project involves primary and secondary collection of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated within urban local bodies.

3. Sources, Waste Generators, and Components of Municipal Solid Waste
Generated in Bhopal City
Source Waste Generators Components of Solid Waste
Residential
Single as well as Multi-
Family
Food Waste, Paper,
Cardboard, Plastics, Textiles,
Glass, Metals, Ashes, Tires,
Electronics, Batteries,
Household Hazardous
Wastes
Commercial
Office Buildings, Stores,
Hotels, Restaurants,
Market Areas
Paper, Cardboard, Plastic,
Wood, Food Waste, Glass,
Metals, Special Wastes,
Hazardous Wastes
Institutional
Schools, Government
Centers, Hospitals
Paper, Cardboard, Plastic,
Wood, Food Waste, Glass,
Metals, Special Wastes,
Hazardous Wastes
Wastes from
Public Services
Street Cleaning,
Landscaping, Parks,
Beaches, Recreational
Areas
Street Sweeping, Landscape
and Tree Trimmings, General
Wastes from parks,
beaches, and other
recreational areas
Miscellaneous
Construction and
Demolition Waste
Inert Material – Rock,
Concrete, Brick, Stone, Earth
Non-Inert Material – Plastic,
Packaging Waste, Paints,,
etc.

Classification of Components of Solid Wastes generated in Bhopal City into
Distinct Categories
Waste Categories Average % in Overall Waste
Organic 54.35%
Plastic 12.83%
Paper 6.94%

4. Mixed* 10.82%
Metal 1.1%
Glass 2.12%
Construction and Demolition Waste 11%
E-waste 0.84%
Total 100.00%

*Note: Mixed waste includes Wood, Cotton/Textiles, Rubber, and Leather


‘Waste to Wealth’ Scheme
This mission identifies, develops, and deploys technologies to treat waste to
generate energy, recycle materials, and extract worth. The ‘Waste-to-
Energy’ and ‘Waste Management’ market in India is set to be a USD 14 billion
opportunity by the year 2025. The population of 1.3 billion in India currently
generates 62 million tons of municipal solid waste per year. And by 2027,
India is set to become the world’s most populous country as per projections
of the United Nations. At this exponential population and urban growth
rate, the availability of landfill will be a serious issue confronting the nation.
54.35%
12.83%
6.94%
10.82%
1.10%
2.12%
11%
0.84%
Share of Different Waste Categories within Bhopal
Organic
Plastic
Paper
Mixed*
Metal
Glass
Construction and
Demolition Waste
E-waste

5. Though rapid urbanization presents a humungous challenge, with the right
policy framework and action, this challenge can be turned into a golden
opportunity. The scale of opportunity can be imagined from the fact that
India has the potential to generate 3GW of electricity from waste by 2050.
Keeping the potential of waste management in consideration, the ‘Waste to
Wealth Mission’ aims to identify and support the development of new
technologies that promise to create a clean and green environment. The
mission will assist and augment the Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities projects
by leveraging science, technology, and innovation to create circular
economic models that are financially viable for waste management to
streamline waste handling in the country.

Objectives of Waste to Wealth Scheme








About: Green Wealth Pvt. Ltd. – It is a private limited company situated in
Bhopal. It is a waste management company carrying out its business
operations since 1998. Up until 2000, it was dealing only in Industrial Waste
Management. The company wishes to expand its operations into Municipal
Solid Waste Management within Bhopal city in collaboration with the M.P.
Government.
Mission: Sustainable Waste Management to ensure Economic Growth and
Well-being of all stakeholders by fostering strong institution and strategic
To identify and support the development of new technologies that can
help create a cleaner and greener environment
To boost and augment the Swachh Bharat Mission and Smart Cities
Project by leveraging science, technology and innovation
To create circular economic models that are financially viable for
waste management
To streamline waste handling in India
1
2
3
4

6. collaborations

Vision: To become an industry leader in solid waste management and a
strong contributor to sustainable growth of Bhopal City

Steps proposed to be involved in Waste Collection and Segregation
o A resident lives in a house in Bhopal. He discards his household waste
into four separately colored dustbins (red, blue, yellow, and green)
o Every morning, a garbage picker comes to his door with differently
colored bags
o The garbage picker puts the garbage of one dustbin into a bag of the
same color. That means the red dustbin waste goes into red bag of
garbage picker and so on
o The garbage picker does the same for all houses in a society and then
goes to a set of large garbage bins (Community Bins) placed outside
the society
o There will be four differently colored community bins. Garbage picker
empties his red bag into red community bin, blue bag into blue
community bin, and green bag into green community bin
o The community bins are equipped with IoT sensors and when they are
almost full, they relay an alert to our office, asking for emptying them
o All such alerts over a day are stored in the well-maintained database
o Then, every morning at 5 AM, our company will check which all
community bins should be emptied. All these community bins will be
located on a map and an optimized route will be planned for our
garbage trucks to go and empty them
o The trucks, carrying all the segregated wastes, will come back to our
facility, where the segregated waste will be again sorted and checked
(just in case some unsegregated waste has made its way into our
bins!)
o Checking how well the households have done the segregation at
source will be the responsibility of the garbage collectors who will be
adequately compensated for the same. All those households, who will

7. continually display the habit of segregation at source, will be
incentivized by the company. Cash is the incentive for lower and
middle-income households. This will be monitored by the garbage
collector. For higher-income households, different vouchers (food
vouchers, medical vouchers, etc.) will be provided by the company
o The households/customers will certainly be able to see on mobile app,
whether the community bins are being serviced well or not by our
company
o The collected waste goes to different recycling centers and plants for
processing and decomposition so that these can be put to the optimal
use. Trained specialists and recyclers work on this material to create
wealth in a plethora of different ways
A robust framework for creating wealth from diverse waste categories











C
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M
A
B
L
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S
R
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S
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R
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D
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C
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WASTE
BIODEGRADABLE
NON-BIODEGRADABLE
NATURE
HAZARDOUS
RESOURCE
RECYCLABLE
NON-RECYCLABLE
RESOURCE
WEALTH
HAZARDOUS

8. Processing of Different Waste Categories: Waste to Wealth Strategies
Organic Waste: Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and
comes from either a plant or an animal. Examples of organic waste include
green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste,
green waste, and landscape and pruning waste. There are two strategies of
converting organic waste into wealth that the company aims to incorporate:
a) Conversion into Manure: The organic waste, primarily the food waste,
is converted into safe organic fertilizer and agro-protein with the use
of technology. In order to reduce the amount of solid waste to be
dumped into the landfills, the composting process is carried out that
coverts organic waste into manure. The manure is sold to the farmers
at subsidized rates (in collaboration with government) for agricultural
purposes, thereby creating all the benefits of Triple Bottom Line
Framework: Economic (Profit), Social (People), and Environmental
(Planet). By preventing organic waste from getting into the landfill,
composting projects reduce landfill gas methane emissions, and this
reduction can be claimed as emissions reductions and sold to the
carbon fund. Composting results in an economic and rapid solution
that can be easily implemented and can result in carbon credits.

9. b) Biomethanation Power Project: The purpose of the ‘Biomethanation
Plant’ is to utilize organic waste and produce biogas to be used as fuel
in gas based engines. Not only will this plant help in making use of
biomass wastes into energy, it will also replace the use of fossil fuels
that would have been used for power generation in the absence of
the plant. Waste disposal, which is a serious concern (since it requires
large dumping lands and can also lead to foul odor and pollution), will
also be addressed as an integral part of the project. The plant will be
set up through seeking financial assistance from the government for
initial few years. The Biogas power project has generated additional
employment for over 50 local associates in the power generation and
fertilizer unit. The project reduces carbon footprint by converting
methane to energy and improves soil health by generating good
quality organic manure. By generating electrical energy and
refrigeration along with heat recovery, the project has significantly
lowered fossil fuel dependency. Any technology that reduces the
dependence on fossil fuels is a significant eco-friendly technology that
can be touted as being highly essential. This is because fossil fuels
such as petroleum, coal and natural gas are actually stored carbons
present deep in the earth. Their sudden use as fossil fuels exhausts
these carbons directly into the atmosphere greatly increasing CO2
levels in the atmosphere. Thus, it is an environmentally friendly and
socially responsible project that is a highly sustainable venture. It
creates all the benefits of Triple Bottom Line Framework: Economic
(Profit), Social (People), and Environmental (Planet).
Note: - The company, in consultation with the Government, will decide
which route to take to scale the operations of the business in the
subsequent years based on the payoff calculations.
Plastic: The plastic waste category can further be bifurcated into Single-use
plastic and other types of plastics.
a) Single-use plastics: The single-use plastic is segregated separately and
then this plastic is processed separately. The plastic is shredded and
processed into bales. Plastic bales are used in road construction and
cement factories. Single use plastics can also be used to make PVC

10. pipes. Such resources can be sold in the market or can be leveraged in
infrastructure projects led by the government.

b) Other types of plastics: Different types of plastics retrieved from a
wide range of discarded devices, and products will be leveraged to
produce a resource, i.e. wealth. The plastic will be transformed and
recycled to become novel electrical wall switches. These electrical
switches will be sold in the market at retail prices and will bring in a
steady flow of revenue stream for the company. This will reduce the
amount of hard plastic ending up on dumpsites while stimulating the
local economy. This is a sustainable waste management solution that
will help in environmental protection while earning profits ethically
and sustainably.
Mixed Waste (Paper, Wood, Cotton/Textiles, Rubber, Leather, and other Corrugated
Materials): This will be used to create Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF). This fuel is
produced from combustible components. This waste, usually taken from
commercial sites, is shred, dried, baled, and then finally burnt to produce
electricity. Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) is a renewable energy source that
ensures waste isn’t thrown into a landfill and is instead, put to good use.
This project is highly cost-intensive that calls for initial assistance from the
government authorities as a part of PPP arrangement. Although it is an
expensive proposition, it is a scalable alternative that also requires strategic
collaborations with coal fired power plants, lime plants, and/or cement
plants. Materials such as glass and metals are removed during the treatment
processing since they are non-combustible. The metal is removed using a
magnet and the glass using mechanical screening. After that, an air knife is
used to separate the light materials from the heavy ones. The light materials
have higher calorific value and they create the final RDF. The heavy materials
will usually continue to a landfill. The residual material can be sold in its
processed form (depending on the process treatment) as a plain mixture or
it may be compressed into pellet fuel, bricks, or logs and used for other
purposes either stand-alone or in a recursive recycling process. The
production of RDF involves the following steps: Bag splitting/Shredding, Size
screening, Magnetic Separation, Density Separation, Coarse shredding, and
Refining separation by infrared separation. RDF can be used in a variety of

11. ways to produce electricity or as a replacement of fossil fuels. It can be used
alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants. This model has
been immensely successful in a lot of countries, including Israel, Iowa, UAE,
Campania, and others. This creates a positive environmental impact by
reducing the need of the landfill, thereby contributing towards ‘Triple
Bottom Line’ framework dimensions.
Construction and Demolition Wastes (C&D Wastes): The C&D wastes
include both inert as well as non-inert waste materials. However, it
comprises mostly of inert and non-biodegradable materials such as sand,
gravel, concrete, bricks, rocks, stones, and earth. These wastes are heavy,
bulky, and have high density and usually take up loads of land and space.
These wastes can be used as landfill, base or sub-base in road construction,
embankment fill, and railway ballast and most importantly in aggregate
replacement method for the formation of recycled concrete. Utilization of
sludge in the making of light weight, artificial aggregate and cement like
properties is a win-win strategy as it not only recycles the waste product,
but also alleviates the problem of waste disposal. Recycling such wastes by
incorporating them into building materials is a practical solution for
pollution problem. Producing bricks with sludge and C&D materials is not
only environment-friendly, but also has better quality than normal bricks in
terms of plasticity, weight, and fuel saved. It has a growing market which
can increase the revenues of the company multiple times. The Construction
and Demolition waste can be handled in the following ways:
o Reuse – Reuse materials like wood, steel, plastics, etc.
o Recycle – Produce materials from waste like aggregates, ready mix
concrete, etc.
o Recover – Channelize waste to energy incineration plants thereby
ensuring land recovery
o Landfill – This is the last resort for dumping C&D Waste

E-waste, Glass, Metals, and other Miscellaneous Waste Categories: These
are sold off in bulk to village level recyclers and artisans and hence become a
source of revenue for the company.

12. Wealth Creation through CSR initiatives: Executing a hyper-local strategy by
creating an open space for people to meet around cultural, social and
environmental events. The building’s main walls will be constructed using
old car tyres, and aluminium cans, thereby reducing the need for cement.
This also stabilizes the indoor temperature during the warm summers and
cold winters, reducing energy demand. Rain water harvesting and the
treatment and use of sewage are used for irrigation, and there is an active
botanical cell inside the building.
Another strategy is creating a social-tech organization providing solutions to
fight food waste and minimize waste generation. This will aim to create a
food donation network, connecting private establishments and NGOs with
people living in socio-economically precarious conditions through an
innovative mobile application. The organization will also raise awareness
around the issue of food waste through the publication of content such as
full-use ingredient recipes, aiming to positively impact public policy.

Department-level plans for execution of Waste to Wealth Scheme
1. Marketing
According to market research, Bhopal is developing at a high pace and
as a result the waste generated by the city is skyrocketing which has
made the current waste management system inefficient. Many
housing and infrastructural projects have been planned in the city
which will lead to high demand of construction material, food and
energy in the future.
Keeping in mind the limited land availability in Bhopal and the hazards
of landfill, 2 Bin 1 Bag systems will be introduced which will lead to
segregation at source which will lead to faster processing of waste.
Waste will be converted into bricks, paver, compost and refused
derived fuel which will be used in construction projects, farms, power
plants and kilns.
The company will emphasize on high value, high-quality products and
services to create a relationship-oriented business which maximizes
resource value, while minimizing environmental impact for sustainable
development of the society.

13. A two- fold promotion strategy will be employed in which the prior
will focus on creating awareness about the need of efficient waste
management and creating brand name while the latter will focus on
teaching how to segregate and, marketing the product & changes
that the company has brought.
The marketing strategy at the introduction stage will focus on reliance
on existing brand name and trust the company has, keeping prices
low by maintaining lean cost structure and selective distribution while
promotions build enough awareness that the product enters into
growth stage and will be aimed towards the households.
In growth stage the strategy will evolve to increasing product utility,
maintaining high demand and decreasing lead time. Promotions will
more product preference specific and will be aimed towards
businesses and institutions. Adaption and innovation of product
according to customer needs will extend growth stage of the product
and allow the company to provide maximum utility.
The app will used to maintain transparency with the customer and
other stakeholders and improve their quality of life with features like
notification when garbage collector is at the door, optimized route for
garbage collection van, option to buy products made by the company
and to donate to NGOs which are working with us to uplift the
marginalized communities. This in turn will make the consumer feel as
a vital stakeholder and an integral part of the process and therefore
will positively reinforce him/her to adhere to segregation guidelines
for the welfare of the society and environment.

2. IT (Information Technology) and Operations

The entire waste to wealth management system will be grounded in
strong technological capabilities and use of cutting-edge technical
capabilities in integrated waste management. The entire operational
flow will be as follows:

14. Our customers will be primarily of four types, namely households,
corporate houses, institutions (hospitals, schools, restaurants, etc.)
and public services (parks, parking lots, bus stand, etc.)

Each entity will be provided with four colored dustbins, as described
below:
 Organic waste Green dustbin:
 Red dustbin: Toxic waste, e-waste, metal
 Dry inorganic waste Blue dustbin:
 Wet inorganic waste Yellow dustbin:
o This distribution of colored dustbins for 'waste segregation at
source' will be conducted by the Municipal Corporation of
Bhopal
o Waste from each entity will be discarded into the colored
dustbins Every morning, a garbage picker will come to his door
with four similarly colored bags
o The garbage picker will put the garbage of one dustbin into a
bag of the same color. That means the red dustbin waste goes
into red bag of garbage picker
o The garbage picker will do the same for all houses in a society
and then proceed to a set of large garbage bins (let's call them
community bins) placed outside the society
o There will be four differently colored community bins. Garbage
picker empties his red bag into red community bin, blue bag into
blue community bin, and so on
o The community bins are equipped with IoT sensors and when
they are almost full, they relay an alert to our office, asking for
emptying them
o All such alerts over a day are stored in our database
o Then, every morning at 5am, Green Wealth Pvt. Ltd. (our
company) will check which all community bins are asking for
being emptied. All these community bins will be located on a
map and an optimized route will be planned for our garbage
trucks to go and empty them

15. o The garbage picking trucks will come back to our facility, where
the segregated waste will be again sorted and segregated (just
in case some unsegregated waste has made its way into our
bins)
o First the organic waste will be divided into two categories -
composting and Biomethanation. We will check every day how
much of composted manure is in demand by farmers around
Bhopal, and will accordingly set aside appropriate amount of
organic waste for composting
o Rest of the organic waste will go into Biomethanation plant,
where energy will be produced for lighting up the suburbs of
Bhopal
o The construction and demolition waste will be converted into
paver blocks, which will be used by municipal corporation for
building and mending the city roads
o Single-use plastic will be recycled into road paver blocks, while
other plastics will be converted into electrical switches
o Paper, plastic and glass waste will be sold in bulk to the village
level small enterprises that recycle them into paper plates, glass
bangles, plastic items, etc.
o We will enter into contract with these SME partners under
government's supervision. This way, we will be supporting grass
root level enterprises and will be supporting livelihood of
people in villages
o All other waste that cannot be recycled will go for incineration,
which will help produce energy


MIS Reporting:
All reporting will happen on MIS sheets. MIS reporting tools will
monitor the amount of waste generated in each block every day, the
number of Community Bins seeking attention, the value of recycled
goods generated, the timeliness of garbage picking trucks, the
emissions happening at our facilities and the returns of marketing
investments.

16. Corporate Social Responsibility:
We shall partner with few restaurants on pilot basis and give them an
app which helps them to donate their leftover food at the end of day.
Using the app, the restaurant owner can notify how much kilos of
leftover food is available and what time the pickup is needed. Our
personnel will reach the restaurant and pack the leftover food, which
will be donated at shelter homes and orphanages that partner with
us. This will retain the best value of food, rather than redirecting it
into composting or Biomethanation.

Tech-enabled workflow and monitoring is mentioned below:



3. HR (Human Resources)The following is the organizational structure
recommended as a part of the HR plan for this new division of Solid
Waste Management:

17. The other action points to be initiated by the HR include the following:

o Hiring and Recruitment: External Recruitment for Division Head
- Solid Waste Manager – 1 position, Solid Waste Engineers – 4
positions, Safety Trainer – 1 position, Legal Counsel – 1 position,
and Training Instructor – 1 position. Rest all the positions will be
internally recruited.

o Training and Development: A specialized training and
development will be conducted for the solid waste manager
(Division Head), and for the engineers.

o Performance Evaluation: KRAs and KPIs will be set up for each
personnel across each department, against which their
performance will be evaluated from time-to-time and targets of
the company as a whole will be tied to these KRAs and KPIs
accordingly.

4. Finance

18. The following documents have been carefully prepared by the Finance
team for the optimal procurement and usage of funds for various
projects:
o Income Statement
o Cash Flow Model for Capital Investment
o Operations and Management Costs
o Revenue Statements
o Statement of Assumptions
o Statement of Expansion Cost Estimations

20. The cost estimations and the capital budgeting techniques applied
showcase a situation of positive Net Present Value (NPV) of the initiative,
with the discount rate of 4%. This implies that the project is worth pursing
on a longer term basis through scaling the operations of the same. The
detailed assumptions and explanation to each figure under each schedule
is presented in the Financial Plan, prepared by the Finance Team.

Timeline to be financially self-sufficient (with more robust details in
financial plan prepared by the Finance Team):

21. Outcomes and Conclusion:

1. Accomplishing Triple Bottom Line


The company intends to accomplish triple bottom line through earning
profits and positive NPV from wealth creation in an ethical way. The
company intends to create clean, green, and hygienic environment for
people while also increasing their employment opportunities. Further,
by sustainable waste management strategies, it intends to create
positive impact on environment and ecology, thereby achieving
‘SUSTAINABILITY’ in its true sense.

2. Stakeholder Theory Fulfillment

22. The company intends to discharge its responsibilities towards all the
stakeholders including suppliers, workers, consumers, local
community, society, and government through its ethical and
sustainable business practices. It tries to fulfill its CSR (Corporate Social
Responsibility) through its operations by helping all the stakeholders
co-create value with the company’s business objectives.

3. Achieving Circular Economy in true spirit



The company aims to arrive at a zero waste stage wherein it creates an
economic system that eliminates waste, and ensures continual use of
resources in the process of further production or wealth creation for
the society at large.

4. Accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by United
Nations

23. Through the robust circular economy and municipal waste
management, the company will also achieve a lot of UN Sustainable
Development Goals which will further establish it as a credible, and
sustainable company across the globe. Some of the SDGs that are
directly associated with company’s operations include: 6,8,9,11,12,16, &
17.

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