Proposal Defense Presentation for Research I

Proposal Thesis Defense on the Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals from wastewater

1. ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF AZITHROMYCIN ANTIBIOTIC FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY RICE Husk Activated Carbon ashley june m. gomez Adviser: John Loui T. Tadia

2. introduction Page 02 of 15

3. emerging Pollutants

4. antibiotics

5. COVID-19 PANDEMIC ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

6. AZITHROMYCIN USE TO TREAT: PNEUMONIA STREP THROAT MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE MALARIA

7. AZITHROMYCIN AFTER (DURING) PANDEMIC: 935 NG L-1 BEFORE PANDEMIC: 4.3 NG L-1 217 TIMES HIGHER IN DOMESTIC WATERS DURING THE PANDEMIC.

8. WHY? INEFFICIENCY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS PERSISTTENT AND HAVE A POOR CAPACITY FOR BIODEGREDATION 63 % IS EXCRETED FROM THE BODY ESSENTIALLY UNALTERED.

9. LIGNOCELLULOSE AND MINERAL COMPONENTS APPLICATIONS IN CEMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL AND RUBBER INDUSTRY 500 MILLION TONS PRODUCED ANNUALLY RICE HUSK BIOCHAR 20 % HUSK SI, MG, NA, CA, K, P, FE, AND CU

10. RICE HUSK- ACTIVATED CARBON SILLCA - 80 % HIGH SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND POROSITY

11. OBJECTIVES 1. TO SYNTHESIZE AND CHARACTERIZE THE CARBONIZED RICE HUSK AND RICE HUSK ACTIVATED carbon and determine its properties such as: SURFACE MORPHOLOGY BEFORE AND AFTER THE ACTIVATION PROCESS ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BEFORE AND AFTER THE ACTIVATION PROCESS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS BEFORE AND AFTER THE ACTIVATION PROCESS

12. OBJECTIVES 2. TO DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF THE ADSORPTION PARAMETERS (INITIAL AZITHROMYCIN (AZM) CONCENTRATION, PH, DOSAGE OF THE ADSORBENT (RICE HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON)) TO THE ADSORPTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RHAC 3. TO DETERMINE THE ADSORPTION MECHANISM OF AZITHROMYCIN (AZM) BY RICE HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON BY KINETIC AND ISOTHERM MODELLING.

13. OBJECTIVES 4. TO DETERMINE THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION AS A SAFE DISPOSAL METHOD OF THE EXHAUSTED ADSORBENT.

14. SIGNIFICANCE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR) This will provide a basis for taking action for the responsible enactment and enforcement of laws consistent with using natural resources to upgrade, enhance and improve the quality of services

15. SIGNIFICANCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES This will install measures for protecting the balance and symbiosis with the environment, including the responsible regulation and protection of fish because of their sensitivity to various contaminants present in bodies of water, such as antibiotics

16. SIGNIFICANCE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE This will give information to small-scale and large-scale factories and industries to ensure wastewater quality for the efficiency of biological purification, good integration in the environment and management of their pollution loads especially that a study found that industrial discharges polluted river sediments with nutrients, metals, and macrolides where azithromycin antibiotic is under this group of antibiotics (Milakovic et al., 2019)

17. SIGNIFICANCE LOCAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT . It will establish a framework for adopting measures for the management and regulation of pollutants and emerging contaminants found in bodies of water in order to lessen their detrimental impact on water bodies and life forms.

18. SIGNIFICANCE COMMUNITY MEMBERS Families and various community organizations will know the health hazards of the waste they are disposing of. Also, they will be responsible to properly dispose of their wastes, including Azithromycin, a prevalent drug in the pandemic (Bogdanić et al., n.d.)

19. SIGNIFICANCE ACADEME, PRESENT RESEARCHERS, FUTURE RESEARCHERS

20. METHODOLOGY Analytical Grade Azithromycin will be Purchased at Starshine Chemicals Rice Husk will be obtained from Brgy. Banbanan, Miagao, Iloilo MATERIALS

21. METHODOLOGY SYNTHESIS OF RHAC Obtaining the RHAC and washing it with distilled water Rice Husk will be put inside the muffle furnace at 500 degrees Celsius for two hours KOH will be used as activating agent and will have An impregnation ratio of 1:1 with RHAC chemical activation

22. 100 mL of distilled water will be added to the activated carbon The mixed sample will be stirred thoroughly for one hour Place the sample inside the oven for 48 hours at 120 degrees Celsius Place the oven dried rice husk AC inside the muffle furnace at 500 degrees Celsius for one hour and it will be washed and will put back into the oven for 24 hours at 120 degrees Celsius further activation

23. It will be grounded using mortar and pestle It will be passed through a sieve of 0.075 mm and will be collected Store in airtight boxes for further analysis

24. METHODOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION OF RHAC FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED- Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)

25. METHODOLOGY POINT OF ZERO CHARGE MEASUREMENT 40 mL of 0.1 M NaCl will be dispensed into 11 distinct E. flasks pH meter will be used for the valid values of pH (3-11)

26. METHODOLOGY POINT OF ZERO CHARGE MEASUREMENT 0.02 g of RHAC will be added for each flask and will be shaken for 24 hrs at 30 degrees celsius in a hot plate with magnetic stirrer The content will be filtered and the pH of the filtrates will be recorded

27. METHODOLOGY POINT OF ZERO CHARGE MEASUREMENT The RHAC's PZC value, the pH at which the total surface charge on the adsorbent becomes zero, will be then calculated by graphing the initial pH vs. the change in pH.

28. METHODOLOGY DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT: TWO-LEVEL FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN Two- level full factorial will be used to examine the impact of variables such as initial AZM concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of azithromycin antibiotic by Rice Husk Activated Carbon. In this factorial design, we consider several factors where it is required to investigate the interaction effect of components on the response. Percent removal will be determined by conducting experiments at the level of variables where maximum adsorption was attained.

29. METHODOLOGY DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT: TWO-LEVEL FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN In this study, a total of 8 experiments in the batch mode will be conducted as designed by two-level full factorial design, and % azithromycin removal will be measured. 100 mL of AZM solution at specified initial concentration, previously adjusted pH, and known dose of RHAC will be made. The mixture will then be agitated at and 303 K temperature in a hotplate with magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes to separate the supernatant from the adsorbent. 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH solutions will be used for initial pH regulation and adjustment. The experiments will be carried out for 240 minutes.

30. METHODOLOGY DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT: TWO-LEVEL FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN In this study, a total of 8 experiments in the batch mode will be conducted as designed by two-level full factorial design, and % azithromycin removal will be measured. 100 mL of AZM solution at specified initial concentration, previously adjusted pH, and known dose of RHAC will be made. The mixture will then be agitated at and 303 K temperature in a hotplate with magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes to separate the supernatant from the adsorbent. 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH solutions will be used for initial pH regulation and adjustment. The experiments will be carried out for 240 minutes.

31. METHODOLOGY DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT: TWO-LEVEL FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN All batch tests will be performed in triplicates and the middle value obtained from the three replicates will be recorded. After data attainment, the solution will then be filtered through Whatman® Grade 42 filter. using UV–visible spectrophotometer, and equilibrium/residual AZM concentration will be evaluated from the calibration curve. % AZM removal will then be calculated using the following relation:

32. METHODOLOGY KINETIC EXPERIMENT 50 mL solution of the 0.3 g of AZM concentration will be added and as well as the 0.2 g Activated Carbon will be added Solution will be agitated within 240 minutes with 8 intervals at room temperature The samples will be filtered The filtrate (with AZM concentration data) will be measured using UV-Vis

33. METHODOLOGY ISOTHERM EXPERIMENT 50 mL solution of the various AZM concentration (10-160) mg/L will be added and and as well as the 0.2 g Activated Carbon will be added Solution will be agitated at the optimum time acquired from the kinetic experiment and at room temperature The samples will be filtered The filtrate (with AZM concentration data) will be measured using UV-Vis

34. METHODOLOGY SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION Loaded Adsorbent Portland Cement 1 : 5 Make beads of cm in diameter and incubate it in a room temperature for 24 hours Add water until it reaches the consistency of a paste The incubated beads will be soaked in a 100 mL distilled water for 15 days  

35. EXPECTED RESULTS SEM MICROGRAPHS AND EDX ANALYSIS OF (A) THE PREPARED ACTIVATED CARBON AT TEMPERATURE OF 800 °C AND IMPREGNATION RATIO OF 2:1 (KOH TO CARBON) AND (B) CHAR PRODUCED FROM OILY SLUDGE.

36. EXPECTED RESULTS (a) SEM of rice husk; (b) SEM of rice husk char; c) SEM of activated carbon (Hanum et al., 2017)

37. CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH IN RELATION TO MY TOPIC Adsorptive Removal of Azithromycin Antibiotic from Aqueous Solution by Azolla Filiculoides-Based Activated Porous Carbon (Balarak et al., 2021) Adsorption-Membrane Hybrid Approach for the Removal of Azithromycin from Water: An Attempt to Minimize Drug Resistance Problem (Wahab et al., 2021) A Fast Adsorption of Azithromycin on Waste-Product-Derived Graphene Oxide Induced by H‑Bonding and Electrostatic Interactions (Upoma et al., 2022) Sonochemical degradation of azithromycin in aqueous solution (Sayadi & Yazdani, 2022) Magnetic NH2‑MIL‑101(Al)/ Chitosan nanocomposite as a novel adsorbent for the removal of azithromycin: modeling and process optimization (Azari et al., 2022) Ofloxacin adsorptive interaction with rice husk ash: Parametric and exhausted adsorbent disposability study (Kaur et al., 2021)

38. WORKPLAN project 02

39. BUDGET

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42. THANK YOU!