Prosthetic devices

The slide gives a general idea about the prosthetic devices - types, varieties and their uses in India and abroad.

1. PROSTHETIC DEVICES Swarnali Das

2. PROSTHESIS Prosthesis or prosthetic device is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part which may be lost through trauma, diseases or congenital conditions. Prosthetic amputee rehabilitation is primarily coordinated by a prosthetist which includes health care professionals including psychiatrists, surgeons, physical therapists, and occupational therapists.

3. THE HISTORY OF PROSTHESIS The Cairo Toe CAIRO TOE : Regarded as the first functioning prosthesis, the Cairo Toe was a replacement for the big toe of one's foot, allowing the individual to have normal balance . This jointed wooden toe was discovered in the year 2000 near the Egyptian city of Thebes . While it may seem primitive compared to today's devices, it was still effective in its task.

4. THE EVOLUTION : FROM THE KNIGHTS IN SHINING ARMOUR TO THE BIONIC HUMANS ...

5. PARTS OF PROSTHESIS All the prosthetic devices consist mainly of four parts : SUSPENSION SYSTEMS 2. SOCKET 3. CONTROL SYSTEMS 4. TERMINAL DEVICES

6. PARTS OF PROSTHESIS SOCKET SUSPENSION SYSTEM CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINAL DEVICES

7. TYPES OF PROSTHESES Any part of the body could be replaced by prosthesis , but in general prosthetic devices can be divided into -

8. TYPES OF PROSTHESES TRANSHUMERAL PROSTHESES : It is a prosthetic lower and upper arm, including a prosthetic elbow. Transhumeral amputees experience problems due to the similar complexities associated with the movement of the elbow. This makes the correct motion with an artificial limb very difficult. In the prosthetic industry, a trans-humeral prosthesis is often referred to as ' AE ' or above the elbow prosthesis.

9. TYPES OF PROSTHESES TRANSRADIAL PROSTHESES : It is an artificial limb that replaces an arm missing below the elbow. Two main types of prosthetics are available. Cable operated limbs work by attaching a harness and cable around the opposite shoulder of the damaged arm. Myoelectric arms work by sensing, via electrodes, when the muscles in the upper arm moves, causing an artificial hand to open or close.

10. TYPES OF PROSTHESES TRANFEMORAL PROSTHESIS : It is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing above the knee. Transfemoral amputees can have a very difficult time regaining normal movement. In general, a transfemoral amputee must use approximately 80% more energy to walk than a person with two whole legs. This is due to the complexities in movement associated with the knee. In the prosthetic industry a trans-femoral prosthetic leg is often referred to as an “AK” or above the knee prosthesis.

11. TYPES OF PROSTHESES TRANSTIBIAL PROSTHESIS : It is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing below the knee. Transtibial amputees are usually able to regain normal movement more readily than someone with a transfemoral amputation, due in large part to retaining the knee, which allows for easier movement. In the prosthetic industry a trans-tibial prosthetic leg is often referred to as a “BK” or below the knee prosthesis.

12. ADVANTAGES OF PROSTHESES : EXTENDS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN SELF-CONFIDENCE BOOSTER USEFULNESS AND MOBILITY CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

13. Prostheses : A Helping Hand to the Athletes Oscar Pistorius - A South African sprint runner. He was the first doube legged amputee to take part in 2012 Summer Olympics. Katy Sullivan - An actress as well as a paralympic track and fielder and US record holder. She is a a four time US Champion in the 100m. She was among the first above the knee amputees to compete in the Paralympics when she ran in the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

14. DISADVANTAGES OF PROSTHESES : COST SKIN IRRITATION TIME CONSUMING DEFECTS

15. PROSTHETICS IN INDIA When it comes to prosthetics, research in India is minimal. A study by Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences at the Indian Spinal Injuries Centre in Delhi, shows only 0.5 per cent of global prosthetics research is done in the country. Most prosthetists blame lackadaisical attitude of the government for this. Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti (BMVSS) , which popularised the Jaipur Foot , and the government-run Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) , are two institutes engaged in prosthetics research in the country. While BMVSS focusses on technologies that can be replicated on a mass-scale , ALIMCO stresses on developing sophisticated prostheses . Despite this, India lags behind other countries in the field of prosthetics.

16. PROSTHETICS IN INDIA TAL’s ( TATA Manufacturing Solutions Limited) prosthetic devices are vastly superior to the conventional wood-and-plastic prosthetic parts, typified by the ‘Jaipur foot’ , that has been in wide use in India until now.

17. PROSTHETICS IN ABROAD In abroad, prosthetic technology has advanced significantly. A vast body of research has led to robotic knees and ankles that adjust to terrain and activity. Most prosthetic legs are passive and as a result ,the amputees have to use about 20% more energy when walking with their prosthetic legs. In order to overcome the problem, a wide array of advanced prosthetics have been invented which regain much of their original mobility –and in many cases, their original appearance. The C-leg produced by Ottobock USA , has been one of the remarkable advancements. It is stable , every step is smooth and secure and helps the user to make activities like biking, dancing, or golfing. The design and creation through 3D printing enables millions of people around the world to reap the benefits of the newly popularized manufacturing technology. Open-source initiatives such as The Enable Community Foundation let anyone with a 3D printer customize and create a prosthetic hand. It has also proved to be helpful to the people in developing countries .

18. PROSTHETICS IN ABROAD 3D PRINTING C-LEG

19. THE PROSPECT OF THE PROSTHETIC FUTURE Researchers are finding potential for new advancements in prosthetic technology. For example, Johns Hopkins University has recently developed a prosthetic arm that can be controlled by a person’s mind. This technology is not fully available in the market yet, but its use is promising. “Myoelectric” prosthetics , such as prosthetic hands, are getting closer than ever to the true function of a natural human limb. As a result, we can expect to see more natural movement from prosthetics in the future. With more natural movements, amputees will struggle less with bulky and awkward motions from prostheses. Surgical procedures could now lead to prosthetic limbs . The technique is known as agonist­-antagonist myoneural interface .

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