Protected Cultivation of Vegetable crops

IIPMB, ABMS , Presented by Seeta Sowjanya

1. Protected Cultivation o f Vegetable crops Submitted by: Seetha Sowjanya 16 PGDM – ABPM 27

2. C O NTE N T Introduction Protected cultivation Need of protected cultivation Present scenario Potential crops for protected cultivation Principle of polyhouse Site selection Types of polyhouses Production systems and media for protected cultivation Problem management in greenhouse cultivation

3. introduction W i th global i z a t i on of mar k e ts, s hr i n k i n g land and climate change, the protected cultivation of high value singl e mo s t i m por t a n t c r op s ha s eme r g ed as the technology for ensuring: high productivity improved quality and profitable returns

4. P r o t ec t ed culti v a tion o n comm e r cial s c ale is undertaken in over 50 countries across the globe. First modern greenhouses were built in Italy in the thirteenth century. In India, green house technology started in 1980 and initially it was used for research only. In India, first polyhouse was designed and set up in 1985 at Leh (J & K ).

5. Protected Culti v a tion A t e c hni q u e whe r ein the microclimate around the plant is controlled fully, partially or modified to protect the crop from adverse weather . Protected cultivation ensures: Conse r v a tion o f s oil moisture Efficient use of energy mainly solar

6. Higher yield Year round cultivation Better quality Off-season production Assured production Generate self employment for the educated rural youth in the farm sector Least pesticide residues Controlled pollination Vagaries of weather Easier plant protection Weed free cultivation Need of Protected Cultivation

7. Present Scenario Country ha (‘000) China 81.0 Spain 70.4 South Korea 47.0 Japan 36.0 Turkey 25.0 India 25.0 Italy 16.5 Anonymous,2017

8. POTENTIAL CROPS FOR PROTECTED CULTIVATION Greenhouse t e c hnol o g y is mo r e cr o p s suited (such t o v e g e t able s as t o m a t o , capsicum, cucumber, french bean, c a bba g e , c h il l ie s , spinach, cauliflower etc.) Flowers (like rose, gerbera, carnation etc.) and nursery for all vegetable crops, because of their small life- span. This technology is mainly suitable for commercial farming, as it requires investment in setting up the entire framework.

9. Tomatoes Under Protected Cultivation

10. Principle of Polyhouse

11. SITE SELECTION A good site can make all the difference in the functional and environmental operations of a polyhouse . The soil should have pH of 5.5-6.5 Availability of continuous source of quality water. The pH of the irrigation water should be 5.5-7.0 Good supply of electricity.

12. A ground slope for drainage is an important factor to divert surface water way from the green house Greenhouses should be located away from the buildings and trees to avoid obstruction to sunlight. And should be pollution free. Facility of good road transport to near markets . Easy and cheap availability of labourers . Communication facility should available at site.

13. Orientation Orientation of the greenhouses could be in any direction when they are in single spans. Multi-span greenhouses should be oriented in north-south direction only, to avoid continuous shading of certain-portions of the greenhouse by its structural members.

14. TYPES OF POLYHOUSES Low cost or Naturally ventilated polyhouses Medium cost or Partial climate controlled polyhouses High cost or Fully climate controlled polyhouses Plastic low tunnels Net houses Plastic mulches

15. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA FOR PROTECTED CULTIVATION 1) Soil System or Geoponics: crops grown in natural soil. Disadvantages : Presence of disease, insect and weeds in the soil Excessive nutrient level could leach into ground water tables Fl o o d ing o f ir r i g a tion w a t er c a use hig h w a t er t able which reduces aeration, thereby root growth

16. 2 ) Soi l l e ss cultu r e : gr o wi n g of v e g e t a b l es i n t h e me d ia other than soil. Media used are: Co c ope a t , pe r l i t e , v er m ic u l i t e, s a w d u s t, r ock w oo l , peanut hulls, rice hulls or the mixtures.

17. 3) Hydroponics or water culture: system of growing plant in nutrient solution, in water, without soi l. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral solution only, or in an inert medium, such A s perlite or grave l.

18. 4) Aeroponics : it involves the growing of plants in a trough or container in which the roots are suspended and sprayed with a nutrient mist. The rooted plants are placed in a special type of box with computer controlled humid atmosphere. It is a relatively new production system used especially for research purpose.

19. Healthy nursery of potential crops for protected cultivation cucumber Tomato capsicum Fibrous root growth

20. CLIMATE CONTROL Maintain humidity 60-80% Maintain optimum temperature 18 - 24 o C (avoid >35 and <12 o C) Use agro shade net to control temperature and light Ensure sufficient air circulation around the plants Ensure carbon dioxide concentration >300 ppm

21. Problem management i n Protected cultivation failure to supply the essential factors for optimum growth such as light, moisture, carbon dioxide and heat in amounts necessary for each individual crop fertilizer deficiencies fertilizer excesses toxic gases attacks by insects, animals, and allied pests and susceptibility to fungus, bacteria and virus troubles.