AGENDA Introduction History Fundamental concepts Lorenz attractors Examples Applications Related Advanced topics Conclusion
What is chaos theory? the branch of mathematics that deals with complex systems whose behavior is highly sensitive to slight changes in conditions, so that small alterations can give rise to strikingly great consequences.
HISTORY An American mathematician and meteorologist, Edward Lorenz's work in the 1960s played a pivotal role in the development of chaos theory he discovered that small differences in initial conditions could lead to vastly different outcomes. Lorenz's work highlighted the idea of deterministic chaos, where systems appear random but are governed by deterministic laws. This sensitivity to initial conditions was encapsulated in what is now famously known as the "butterfly effect," where a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil could set off a chain of events leading to a tornado in Texas
F undamentals Of Chaos Theory 01 Nonlinear Dynamics 02 Bifurcations 03 Strange Attractors Chaos theory deals extensively with nonlinear dynamical systems, where the output is not directly proportional to the input. Nonlinear systems can exhibit complex behavior, including chaotic behavior, bifurcations, and attractors. Linear systems, by contrast, have outputs that are directly proportional to inputs and are generally more predictable. Bifurcations occur in nonlinear systems when a small change in a parameter causes a qualitative change in the system's behavior. They often lead to the creation or disappearance of periodic orbits, and they can give rise to chaotic behavior. Bifurcation diagrams are used to visualize how the system's behavior changes with varying parameters. A strange attractor is a type of attractor observed in chaotic systems. It is characterized by its fractal structure, meaning that it exhibits self-similarity at different scales. Strange attractors are "strange" because the system's behavior appears random yet is deterministic.
F undamentals Of Chaos Theory 04 05 06 Fractals Universality Deterministic Chaos Fractals are mathematical objects that exhibit self-similarity at different scales. Many chaotic systems produce fractal patterns when plotted, providing a way to visually represent their complexity. Fractals are used to describe irregular shapes found in nature and chaotic systems, such as coastlines, clouds, and the Mandelbrot set. In certain types of chaotic systems, a period-doubling route to chaos can be observed. This means that as a control parameter is increased, the system transitions from stable behavior to periodic behavior with a doubling period, eventually leading to chaos. The values at which these transitions occur exhibit universal constants known as the Feigenbaum constants, showing a remarkable consistency across different systems. Chaos theory challenges the traditional view of randomness by demonstrating that deterministic systems can exhibit behavior that appears random. This means that even though the system's behavior is governed by deterministic laws, it can be highly unpredictable due to sensitivity to initial conditions.
Lorentz attracters The Lorenz system consists of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations. [ Here, represents the rate of convection in the system] [ y represents the temperature variation of the rising air, and ρ is a parameter related to the Prandtl number and represents the Rayleigh number in fluid dynamics.] [ represents the vertical temperature gradient] The parameters σ , ρ , and β are positive constants. In the standard form, they are typically set to σ =10, ρ =28, and β =38. These equations describe the evolution of the three variables x , y , and z over time. They capture the chaotic behavior of the system, particularly in modeling atmospheric convection.
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Fractals and non-euclidean geometry Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System it’s only a bit larger than the Moon Mercury Venus
The emergence of complexity Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Mercury Venus Mars
Sensitivity to initial conditions Mars is actually a very cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Mars Jupiter Venus Saturn
Neural networks and chaos Mars is actually a very cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Mars Neptune Venus Saturn Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Saturn How complex systems learn Mars is actually a very cold place Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Venus Mars Venus has extremely high temperatures Neptune Mercury Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter
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Jupiter's rotation period 9h 55m 23s 333,000 The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s 386,000 km Distance between Earth and the Moon
Determinism Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place How is chaos measured? 50 % 29 % 20 % Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Sensitivity to initial conditions Strange attractors
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Chaos in social networks Mars is actually a very cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Mars Jupiter Venus Saturn
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Measuring chaos in complex systems Team A Team B Team C Team D Mercury 0.06 0.53 0.38 0.38 Mars 0.11 9.4 0.53 0.78 Saturn 95.2 1.16 9.4 1.16 Jupiter 104 1.23 10.3 1.23
The role of chaos in modern physics Venus is the second planet from the Sun Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mars is actually a very cold place Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all V IV I II III Saturn is a gas giant with several rings
Chaos and complexity in social networks & online communities Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Venus Mars
The study of biological systems Mars is actually a very cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Molecular Plants Zoology Neurobiology
Chaos simulation in computing Mercury Venus Mars Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Sun Earth Venus Jupiter Mercury Moon Saturn Mars Ceres Neptune Uranus Pluto
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Chaos theory in economic theory Venus is the second planet from the Sun Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is a cold place
Deterministic chaos vs randomness Solar System Jupiter Neptune It's also the fourth-largest planet by diameter in the Solar System This planet is one of the farthest planet from the Sun It was named after the Roman god of the skies and lightning It's a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System
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