ps pandi (AEN 202).PPTX microbial control of pest

Iam power pointed by Microbial control of pest in bacteria, fungi and virus

1. Microbial control of pest in bacteria, fungi and virus Presented By P Nirai pandi

2. introduction Pest is competitor of humanity – broadest sense Major pest control method is chemical, but the xenobiotics adverse effect on non-target organisms, and also it leas to new bio type pest resistant against pesticide. IPM (integrated pest management or integrated pest control) : is broad based approach practices for economic control of pest.

3. Pest control Any factors that is capable of making life hard for pest that will kill, repel or interfere with its feeding, mating, reproduction or dispersal can be taken as a method of pest control in its broadest application. Natural control 1.Climatic factors 2.Topographic factors 3.Natural enemies Applied or artificial control

4. Microbial control Microbial insecticides: Single cell organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, Protozoa and viruses have been mass produced & formulated for use in a manner similar to insecticides. Product containing these organisms are regulated by the environmental protection agency ( T he Federal insecticide, fungicide & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) .

5. Biological control through insect diseases There are two aspects to the economic problems caused by insects or pests 1. loss of productions that results from damage to crops and to the health of humans and domestic animals 2.cost of attempts to prevents or control such production losses Employment of microorganisms capable causing diseases in another means of fighting crop pests.

6. Characters of microbial pesticides Should be virulent & cause disease to pest at recommended concentration Should not be sensitive to moderate environmental variations Should rapidly establish disease in pest Specific to pest population so as not to cause harm in non –target population.

7. Bacteria

8. Bacterial pesticide 1. Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) Control lepidopteran pest 2 . Serratia marcescens Bizio non- sporing type and has been found to be useful against lepidopteran pest 3. Coccobacillus acridiorum Herelle against Grasshopper pest in part of Africa

9. Bt Strain Product Target Insect Bacillus thuringiensis var.aizawai Certan Wax moth larvae Bacillus thuriengiensis var.israelensis Vectobac.AS Skeetal Teknar Mosquito and blackfly larvae Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki Dipel Bactospeine Thuricide Javelin Lepidopteran larvae Bacillus thuringiensis var.san dieo M-One Colorado potato beetle larvae

10. 1 B.popilliae & B.lentimorbus # Used to control coleoptera pest # Commercial products of these species are DOOM and Milky spores 2 Agrobacterium radiobacter # Used to control crown gall disease caused by A.tumefaciens # A.radiobacter produces antimetabolite Agrocin which is toxic to A.tumefaciens

11. Mode of action Three stages 1 .Stage 1 Ingestion 2. Stage 2 Dissolution of protein crystals 3. Stage 3 Activation of protein Binding to specific receptors of intestinal peritrophic membrane Vacuolation of the cytoplasm cell disruption

12. Virus

13. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) Granulosis virus (GV) NPVs and GVs are widely used Many highly specific entomopathogenic viruses are known, which generally infect the insect in larval stage and act through ingestion.

14. Their action is not immediate, so the infected insects are still able to feed for some time, causing further damage. The most commonly used virus is the granulosis virus, active on Cydia pomonella or the codling moth. More than 400 insect species, mostly in the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera have been reported as host to Baculoviruses . Introduction of NPV in European spruce sawfly population, reduced the sawfly population and saved ‘ Spruce forest ’ Most studied viruses are of ‘ Baculoviridae family ’

15. Baculoviruses Rod shaped DNA viruses Include NPV and GV Pathogenic for Lepidoptera (83%),Hymenoptera (10%) and Diptera (4%) Infection is by ingestion of food

16. Mode of action Infection occurs when susceptible host eats polyhedral or granules which are dissolved in the basic digestive gut juices. The virions are released when the protein matrices dissolve. The virus enter the nuclei of midgut cells and infect tissues and organs in the insect.

17. Granulosis virus Develop either in the nucleus/cytoplasm/tracheal matrix/epithelial cells of host Virion are occluded singly in small inclusion bodies called Capsules Rod shaped virion ds DNA Oval occlusion bodies about 200 × 400 nm They enter through ingestion Fat body major organ invaded Diseased larvae is less active, flaccid, fragile ,wilted prone to rupture in later stages, death in 6-20 days.

18. Granulosis virus 3 major genetic types 1.Type 1 --- infects midgut cell and fat body cells 2.Type 2 --- parallels NPV infection 3.Type 3 --- infects only midgut tissues.

19. Polyhedrosis virus They are known to infect 500 species of insects and are best known from the Lepidoptera The virus particles of NPVs can be enveloped singly or in groups and are occluded in protein bodies, polyhedral In India a number of companies, agricultural universities produce NPVs of H.armigera , S.litura and supply commercially to farmers to control pests.

20. Insect viruses Borrelinavirus – NPV Smithiavirus -- CPV Bergoldiavirus --- GV Moratovirus ------ NPV

21. Virus agent Target pests Status Heliothis NPV Cotton bollworm/bud worm EPA Registered Douglas-fir tussock moth NPV Douglass-Fir tussock moth EPA Registered Gypsy moth NPV Gypsy moth Gypcheck /EPA registered Pine sawfly NPV Pine sawfly EPA Registered Choristoneura occidentalis NPV Western spruce budworm Experimental Galleria mellonella NPV Wax moth Experimental Spodoptera frugiperda NPV Spodoptera frugiperda Experimental Spodoptera exigua NVP Spodptera exigua Spod -X® EPA registered

22. Fungi

23. introduction Entomogenous fungi are used to control pest Common genera Beauveria Metarrhizium Entomophthora Coelomomyces Some fungi are used to control plant pathogenic fungi eg : Trichoderma spp. Entomogenous fungi : These fungi grow on insects body, penetrate the cuticle and produces toxins that help in killing the insects.

24. 1. Trichoderma harzianum & T.hamatum used to control soil borne pathogens Botrytis cinereal, Sclerotium rolfsii , Rhizoctonia solani

25. The more potent fungi that can be used belong to the class Fungi imperfecti ( Beauveria metarrhizium ) They are internal parasites of insects and reproduces by conidia Different tissues and organs are not attacked simultaneously Some fungi confine themselves to blood, others can penetrate tissues like muscles, trachea, gut fat body etc..

26. Mode of action Most common portal entry is through the integument through invasion via respiratory or alimentary tract. The infective unit is a spore, conidium Conidium germinates into a short germ tube which gives out small swellings, appressoria This attaches to the cuticle and sends an infection peg Hyphae penetrate the layers and enter to various organs

27. symptoms Loss of appetite Partial paralysis Discoloured patches on integument Body hardens Death occurs within a week or even within 24 hours.

28. Host range Lepidoptera (larvae) Homoptera (aphids, cicadas, scale insects) Hymenoptera (bees) Coleoptera (beetles) Diptera

29. Fungal Target Target pests Commercial name/status Aschersonia aleyrodis White flies/scale insects Experimental Beauveria bassiana Colorado potato beetle, White flies, Aphids, grasshoppers, Locusts,Cotton boll worms Boverin ® (Russia) Myocotrol ® WP (USA) Myocotrol ® GH-ES (USA) Botanigard ® (USA) Beauveria brogniarti Cockchafer Experimental Culicinomyces clavisporus Mosquito larva Experimental Hirsutella sphaerospora Mealy bug Experimental Laegenidium giganteum Mosquito larvae EPA Registered Metarhizium anisopliae Cockroaches , Termites,Sugarcanepyrilla,Rhinoceros beetle Biopath® Bioblast ® Bio Green® (Australia Verticillium lecanii Whiteflies , Aphids Vertalec ®, Mycotal ®

30. Fungi Target pest Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Lepidoptera ,Thysanoptera Pondora delphacis BPH,GLh of rice Hirsutella thompsoni Phytophagous mites (Eriophyid mites) Nomouraea lecanii H.armigera,Achae Janata,S.litura

31. Thank you