Psychodynamic perspective

Psychodynamic perspective

1. Psychodynamic Perspective Instructor; Rustam Ali

2. Schools and Perspectives in Psychology Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestaltism Psychodynamic Biological Perspective Cognitive Perspective Existential Perspective Humanistic Perspective Cultural Perspective Islamic Perspective

3. Psychodynamic Perspective Psychodynamic is the whole school Of Thought (Freud –New Freudian) Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychodynamic Perspective Psychoanalytic is the Theory of Freud Psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts , feelings, desires, and memories Statement “According to psychodynamic Perspective, a lot of our behaviors and preferences of adulthood are shaped by the experiences in our childhood.” First comprehensive theory of personality, explaining a wide variety of both normal and abnormal behaviors.

4. Psychoanalytic Approach Sigmund Freud is the Founder of Psychoanalytic Theory Freud’s theory is based on his childhood experiences, dreams, and sexual conflicts “According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality” He said that the most of the main causes of mental disorders are hidden in unconscious.

5. Mind as like an iceberg Freud explained the human mind as like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible that is our observable behavior, but the unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underlying influence on our behavior.

6. Three structures of the Personality The id biological component of personality, From Birth Work on pleasure principle Unconscious Extremist store house of instincts and libido. Libido is the Energy of life & death instincts The ego Rational component of personality, 3 Years Work on pleasure reality principle Conscious Role of Policeman The ego mediates among the demands of the id, the pressures of reality, and the dictates of the superego. Moral Component of personality, 5 years Work on Moral Principle Sub-Conscious Extremist (behaviors for which the child is praised). The superego

7. Two types of instincts Libido is the Energy of life & death instincts Instincts are mental representations of stimuli that originate within the body. Life instincts serve the purpose of survival and are manifested in a form of psychic energy called libido. Death instincts are an unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression.

8. Anxiety; Threat to the ego Reality anxiety is a fear of dangers in the real world. Neurotic anxiety is a conflict between instinctual gratification and reality. Moral anxiety is a conflict between the id and the superego.

9. Methods of personality assessment In free association , a patient spontaneously expresses ideas and images in random fashion. Sometimes resistances develop in which a patient resists talking about disturbing memories or experiences. Dreams have both a manifest content (the actual dream events) and a latent content (the symbolic meaning of those events).

10. Freud’s research method Freud’s research method was the case study, which does not rely on objective observation. It is not controlled and systematic, nor is it amenable to duplication and verification. Freud’s data are not quantifiable, may be incomplete and inaccurate, and were based on a small and unrepresentative sample. Some Freudian concepts have been supported by empirical research: the unconscious, repression, projection, displacement, verbal slips, and some characteristics of oral and anal personality types. Major portions of Freud’s theory (the id, superego, death wish, libido, catharsis, and anxiety) have not been scientifically validated. Two components of the ego have been identified: ego control and ego resiliency. With regard to repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse, some may be real, whereas others may be implanted and distorted. Freud’s theory has been modified by Anna Freud, who elaborated on the role of the ego.

11. Personality theorists criticize Personality theorists criticize Freud for placing too much emphasis on biological forces, sex, aggression, emotional disturbances, and childhood events. They also criticize his deterministic image of human nature, his negative views of women, and the ambiguous definitions of some of his concepts. However, there is no denying Freud’s phenomenal impact on Western culture and on later personality theorists, who either elaborated upon or opposed his system.

12. Neo Freudian One group of psychoanalysts has come to be known as "Neo Freudian “. Generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality. We don’t agree with Freud completely (sexuality cant explain everything) “Neo-Freudian referring to modifications, extensions, or revisions of Freud’s original psychoanalytic theory, most commonly to those that emphasize social, cultural, and interpersonal elements rather than innate biological instincts such as sexuality and aggression .” (Campbell's Dictionary)

13. The Neo-Psychoanalytic Approach Several personality theorists, who initially were loyal to Freud and committed to his system of psychoanalysis, broke away because of their opposition to certain aspects of his approach. Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were associates of Freud’s before they rebelled against him and offered their own views of personality. Karen Horney did not have a personal relationship with Freud but was also an orthodox Freudian before marking out a different path. Erik Erikson’s work is also derived from Freudian psychoanalysis. These neo-psychoanalytic theorists differ from one another on a number of issues but they were equally opposed to Freud’s emphasis on instincts as the primary motivators of human behavior, as well as his deterministic view of personality. These neo-psychoanalytic theorists presented more optimistic and flattering images of human nature than Freud did. Their work shows how quickly the field of personality diversified within only a decade after it formally beg

14. Personality Definition by Neo- Fredians The basic evil is invariably a lack of genuine warmth and affection.— Karen Horney The personality is engaged with the hazards of existence continuously, even as the body’s metabolism copes with decay.— Erik Erikson The goal of the human soul is conquest, perfection, security, superiority. Every child is faced with so many obstacles in life that no child ever grows up without striving for some form of significance, Adler

15. Carl Jung Jung believed that the human psyche had three parts: the ego, personal unconscious and collective unconscious. Finally, his dream analysis was broader than Freud's, as Jung believed that symbols could mean different things to different people .

16. Two Layer of unconsciousness 1 . Upper layer is the personal unconscious 2. Lower layer is the collective unconscious According to Jung; the personal unconscious contain repressed wishes while collective unconscious is inherited .

17. Archetypes Archetypes , are the images and thoughts which have universal themes or meaning in various cultures, as expressed through literature , art, and dreams etc. These ancestral memories, which Jung called archetypes . “The experience of forefathers and generation in form of certain patterns called archetypes ” Family Archetypes: The Mother – Feeding, Nurturing, Soothing The Child – Birth, Beginnings, Salvation Story Archetypes: The Hero – Rescuer, Champion The Wise Old Man – Knowledge, Guidance Animal Archetypes: The Faithful Dog – Unquestioning Loyalty The Enduring Horse – Never Giving Up

18. 4 Major Archetypes By Jung

19. Alfred Adler Adler's theory suggested that every person has a sense of inferiority . Suffering from physical weakness and strive a lot From childhood, people work toward overcoming this inferiority by "striving for superiority." Adler believed that this drive was the motivating force behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. In Adler's theory, individuals work to overcome feelings of inferiority and to act in ways that benefit the social interest The term  style of life  was used by psychiatrist Alfred  Adler  as one of several constructs describing the dynamics of the personality. It reflects the individual's unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to (or avoiding) the main tasks of living: friendship, love, and work.

20. Types of Personality Ruling type, Strive for power Learning type, No give just take Avoiding type, Avoid from risks Socially useful type, Active Adlerian therapy four stages Engagement , Trust Assessment , Case history Insight , New way of life Reorientation , Client will be fine

21. Social interest It is a sense of being part of the society Social interest guides our behaviour throughout life Social interest is a barometer of Psychological health Creative Power We are born with different degrees and qualities of creative power Creative power makes People independent and Complete Theory is based on feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority

22. Erik Erikson Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues.

23. Psycho-social 8 stages of personality development

24. Karen Horney Psychoanalytic theorist Karen Horney developed one of the best-known theories of neurosis. She believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Horney's theory proposes that strategies used to cope with anxiety can be overused, causing them to take on the appearance of needs.

25. 10 neurotic needs classified in 3 categories Needs that move you towards others . These neurotic needs cause individuals to seek affirmation and acceptance from others and are often described as needy or clingy as they seek out approval and love. Needs that move you away from others. These neurotic needs create hostility and antisocial behavior. These individuals are often described as cold, indifferent, and detached. Needs that move you against others . These neurotic needs result in hostility and a need to control other people.