Psychosis and neurosis.2

THIS IS ABOUT PSYCHOSES AND NEUROSES

1. PSYCHOSIS AND NEUROSIS PRESENTED BY GURURAJ KULKARNI GUEST FACULTY GULBARGA (KALBURAGI)

2. PSYCHOSIS

3. DEFINITION AND MEANING OF PSYCHOSIS Psychosis  is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is not . Schizophrenic disorders, affective disorders (mania, depression), organic causes (e.g. drug abuse)

4. SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOSIS Symptoms may include  false beliefs and seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear.  Other symptoms may include incoherent speech   and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.

5. There may also be sleep problems, social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out daily activities .

6. DELUSION A  delusion  is a mistaken belief   that is held with strong conviction even when presented with superior  evidence to the contrary. As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information , confabulation, dogma illusion, or some other misleading effects of  perception.

7. HALLUCINATION A  hallucination  is a  perception in the absence of external  stimulus  that has qualities of real perception . Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space.

8. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality—visual,  auditory,  olfactory , ( relatling to sense of smell)   gustatory(related to taste)   tactile(related to touch)   proprioceptive ( relating to stimuli that are produced and perceived within an organism, especially those connected with the position and movement of the body)

9.   equilibrioceptive (sense of balance)   nociceptive ( relating to or denoting pain arising from the stimulation of nerve cells)   thermoceptive (the sense of heat and cold)   chronoceptive (translation memories)

10. A mild form of hallucination is known as a  disturbance , and can occur in most of the senses above.

11. THOUGHT DISORDER(TD) OR FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER (FTD) Thought disorder  ( TD ) or  formal thought disorder  ( FTD ) refers to disorganized thinking as evidenced by disorganized speech. Specific thought disorders include  derailment,  poverty of speech,   tangentiality ,   illogicality,   perseveration and thought blocking .

12. SLEEP DISORDER OR SMONIPATHY A  sleep disorder , or  somnipathy , is a  MEDICAL disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning.

13. Disruptions in sleep can be caused by a variety of issues, from teeth grinding ( bruxism ) to night terrors. When a person suffers from difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep with no obvious cause, it is referred to as  insomnia.

14. Sleep disorders are broadly classified into  dyssomnias ,   parasomnias ,  circadian rhythm sleep disorders involving the timing of sleep, and other disorders including ones caused by medical or psychological conditions and sleeping sickness.

15. Dyssomnia : Dyssomnias  are a broad classification of sleeping disorders involving difficulty getting to sleep, remaining asleep, or of excessive sleepiness . Dyssomnias are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.

16. Parasomnia : Parasomnias  are a category of sleep disorders  that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep.

17. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders  ( CRSD ) are a family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs. 

18. Sleep apnea , also spelled  sleep apnoea , is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during   sleep.  Each pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and they happen many times a night .

19. In the most common form, this follows loud  snoring.  There may be a choking or snorting sound as breathing resumes .  As it disrupts normal sleep, those affected may experience sleepiness or feel tired during the day .  In children it may cause problems in school, or hyperactivity .

20. Narcolepsy  is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.  Symptoms include periods of excessive daytime sleepiness that usually last from seconds to minutes and may occur at any time.

21. Hypersomnia , or  hypersomnolence , is a neurological disorder of excessive time spent sleeping or excessive sleepiness. It can have many possible causes  and can cause distress and problems with functioning.

22. CataplexySpecialty Neurology Cataplexy  is a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, or terror

23. sleeping sickness (disruption of sleep cycle due to infection ). Sleepwalking , also known as  somnambulism  or  noctambulism , is a phenomenon of combined sleep and wakefulness. It is classified as a sleep disorder belonging to the  parasomnia  family

24. Night terror , also known as  sleep terror , is a sleep disorder, causing feelings of terror or dread, and typically occurs during the first hours of stage 3–4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM )  sleep Sleep terrors begin in children between the ages of 3 and 12, and usually stop during adolescence. In adults, they most commonly occur between the ages of 20 to 30. 

25. Nocturnal enuresis , also called  bedwetting , is  involuntary urination  while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually occurs. Bedwetting in children and adults can result in emotional stress .  Complications can include urinary tract infections.

26. Treatment may include antipsychotic medication,  counselling , and social support.

27. NEUROSIS Abnormal psychiatric features without an organic psychiatric disorder. Neuroses are usually precipitated by stress. Anxiety disorders; Generalised anxiety disorders, panic disorders, PTSD ( Posttraumatic stress disorder) Phobic disorders, OCD ( Obsessive Compulsive   Disorder) Depersonalisation , Derealization

28. Types of Neurosis Anxiety disorders : Generalised anxiety disorder : Categorised by excessive anxiety and worry which is present more days than it is absent for at least six months. It is often associated with symptoms such as tension, feelings of impending doom, restlessness, insomnia, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability and a variety of physical symptoms such as headaches, sweating and palpitations.

29. To be classed as having a disorder the patient must be experiencing severe distress or have problems with important areas of functioning (e.g. work).

30. Specific phobias Affected individuals experience a persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is considered to be excessive and unreasonable. Exposure to the object will produce increased anxiety or panic attacks and as such individuals will try to avoid high risk situations.

31. Social phobias Affected individuals have a constant fear of social situations for fear of embarrassment. Symptoms of anxiety may be experienced when an individual is exposed to social situations, these can include physical symptoms such as blushing and diarrhoea .

32. Panic disorder An individual with a panic disorder will suffer from recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is an episode of intense fear or anxiety that consists of the following symptoms: ƒ Palpitations ƒ Sweating, trembling, shaking ƒ Sensations of shortness of breath leading to hyperventilation and sensations of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness and paraesthesiae ƒ Derealization – a feeling as if everyone around you is unreal ƒ Depersonalization – a feeling of being detached from oneself ƒ Fear of losing control or dying

33. Obsessive – compulsive disorder Obsessions- Stereotypical and purposeless words, phrases and thoughts that an individual finds difficult to control or put out of his/her mind. Compulsions- Senseless and repeated rituals

34. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) PTSD involves the development of a characteristic set of psychological symptoms that occur following exposure to a serious traumatic event that involved actual or threatened injury or death to the self, or others.

35. Initially, the individual will re-experience the event in the form of recurrent or intrusive thoughts, images, dreams or perceptions. Following this they will actively avoid stimuli that will remind them of the event, and may at this stage feel a sense of detachment from others. Finally, they may experience symptoms of increased arousal such as irritability, poor concentration, sleep disturbance and hyper vigilance.