Public Administration: a brief discussion about bureaucracy

This is a slide about bureaucracy and public administration

1. Bureaucracy Public Administration

2. Meaning Bureau Kratos / Kratia French revolution 1789

3. Salient Features Division of Labour Rules and regulations Hierarchy of authority Technical assistance Record Keeping

4. Contd. Structure Rationality Predictability Impersonal Relations Specialization

5. Downside Hierarchical conflict Avoid responsibility Nepotism Rigidity Delaying

6. Contd. Corruption Overspecialization Group thinking More and more rules

7. Max Weber Three Basic principles Formalization Instrumentalization Rational Legal Authority

8. Contd. Pre-conditions for emergence of bureaucracy Growth of population Growth of complexities in societies Eco needs leading for efficient admin

9. Contd. Six Central elements of bureaucracy Clearly defined division of labor &authority Hierarchical structure of office Written guidelines prescribing performance criteria Recruitment to office based on specialization & expertise Duty & authority to office not person Office holding career and vocation

10. Contd. Rational bureaucracy suggesting organization characteristics Org. will have clearly defined goals best achieved with formal structure Behavior in org is shaped by formal structure to achieve goals Efficiency is enhanced by following goals Cost benefit

11. John Stewart More contribution to liberal school “ govt by professionals” Devotion and training = power Modern times = technocracy “Tech. trained experts rule by the virtue of their specialized knowledge & position in dominant political and economic institutes”

12. Contd. Weber and Stewart: competent bureau imp for working of society Not represent rather impose right Meritocracy Active citizenship inversely proportional Mill= popular democracy

13. Karl Marx Bureau hardly generates wealth “Cost to maintain social order” Marx classless Society

14. Woodrow Wilson Favored hierarchal org. wanted to inc. limited power of bureau in US Professionally trained people to exert public opinion Wanted to install scientific, meritocratic, clear cut, rule based and trust worthy

15. Contd. Same as weber but differed on administrator will: Wilson: not a mere instrument should have a will Appreciated the pol. Role Private not public power is threat to authority

16. Bureaucracy in Pakistan Elites: “People of social significance” “Top strata which can influence decision making with or without the consent of others” Mosca : minority making laws for majority Types: Political Social Economic Bureucratic

17. Contd. Asif Hussain : Mil Bureaucratic Religious Land owning Industrial Professional

18. Civilian Bureaucracy Mughal Era: 15 th & 16 th Century Imperial Services Aitcheson Commission (1886-1887) Philosopher King to serve colonial masters. Convene services. Commissioner was to Generate Tax Administer Area

19. After Partition Ex-colonial, lineal descendants of ICS created to command and rule Traditions, Norms and political ethos of ICS Western looks, high salaries, decisive role in policy making formulation and implementation. Zero acceptance for outsiders Less number for higher bureau adopted leading to faster promotion with less exposure, experience and skill

20. Cont. 1947-1962: total of 82 CSPs 25 every year but in general 13 groups 3 categories: General admin group Functional group FSP, PSP Engineering and health

21. Contd. GM was replaced by ayub in 1958 Valued Bureau Proved loyalty during BD elections Buffer between mil and general public Mediators Explorers Executor of sovereign will

22. Contd Yahya (1969): less acceptance & popularity in power corridors “operation clean up” 303 dismissed reported lower ranking mil. Offrs Silent critic 36 suspended by mil courts

23. ZAB Mother of all ills Deprived them of service security under 56 & 62 constitution Lateral entries of technocrats Basic Changes Service cadres into occupational grps 22 national pay grade level common training Secretariat group, DMG, Tribal grp

24. Zia Stopped witch hunting of bureau Stopped lateral entries Merged TAG and DMG Military officers induction Policy making to some extent

25. 90’s Democracy with no leadership Policy formulation Policy intervention by IMF Started getting politically affiliated Promotions & tranfers pol Offs made OSD Innovative methods to discourage merit demoralized Propensity to rule by verbal order Accommodating party workers who sacrificed during dictatorship

26. Contd. Justice Cornelius: “Although elected representatives are in charge of govt. but sectaries are brains of ministries” Non political Identity Functional neutrality Proper resource allocation