Public economics e content

public economics

1. INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ECONOMICS Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki , 225003 Dr Veena Singh , Assistant Professor ,Faculty of Commerce & Economics , Institute of Management, Commerce & Economics E-Mail : [email protected] Prof.(Dr) Alka Singh , Dean, commerce and economics E-Mail:[email protected]

2. What does Public Finance mean?   Public finance  is a study of income and expenditure or receipt and payment of government.  Public Finance: Meaning, Definition, Scope, and Divisions – The concept of Public Finance: Meaning of Public Finance, Definition of Public Finance, Scope of Public Finance, and Divisions of Public Finance.   Professor Bastable , an English economist defines public finance as a subject that deals with the expenditure and income of the public authorities of the state. Both the aspects (income and expenditure) relate to the states financial administration and control. 

3. Meaning, Definition, Scope, and Divisions. Dalton defined the subject as one which concerns itself with the income and expenditure of public authorities and the adjustment of one to the other. It is learned that the study of the subject chiefly centers around different aspects of government revenues and government expenditure in relation to the state’s economy and people . It deals the income raised through revenue and expenditure spend on the activities of the community and the terms “finance” is money resource i.e. coins. But the public is collected name for an individual within an administrative territory and finance.

4. Meaning of Public Finance: In public finance, we study the finances of the Government. Thus, public finance deals with the question of how the Government raises its resources to meet its ever-rising expenditure. As Dalton puts it,” public finance is “concerned with the income and expenditure of public authorities and with the adjustment of one to the other.” Accordingly, the effects of taxation, Government expenditure, public borrowing and deficit financing on the economy constitutes the subject matter of public

5. finance. Thus, Prof . Otto Eckstein writes “Public Finance is the study of the effects of budgets on the economy, particularly the effect on the achievement of the major economic objects growth, stability, equity, and efficiency.” Further, it was thought that the Government budget must be balanced. Public borrowing was recommended mainly for production purposes. During a war, of course, public borrowing was considered legitimate but it was thought that the Government should repay or reduce the debt as soon as possible. Public authorities undertake activities for individuals living within an administrative territory. Finance usually means income and expenditure. So public finance means income and expenditure of the public authorities and adjustment of one to the other .

6. When we talk of public we mean public authorities. Public authorities include central government, state government and local governing bodies. When we talk about finance, we mean income and expenditure. Public finance is the fiscal science which implies the science of public treasury. So public finance is a study of income and expenditure of the public authorities and adjustment of one to the other, and. Objectives of public finance (objectives like higher growth, better distribution of wealth, income, property, economic stability etc) can be secured through taxation, public expenditure, public debt management fiscal federalism, and fiscal administration. Public revenue, public expenditure, public debt management, fiscal administration, and fiscal federalism are the main branches of public finance.

7. Definition of Public Finance: According to R.A. Musgrave says, “The complex problems that center on the revenue-expenditure process of government is traditionally known as public finance.” According to prof . Dalton, “Public finance is one of those subjects that lie on the borderline between economics and politics. It is concerned with the income and expenditure of public authorities and with the mutual adjustment of one another. The principal of public finance are the general principles, which may be laid down with regard to these matters.” According to Adam Smith, “Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of the state revenue and expenditure.” According to Hugh Dalton, “Public finance is concerned with the income and expenditure of public authorities, and with the adjustment of the one to the other.”

8. The scope of Public Finance The scope of public finance is not just to study the composition of public revenue and public expenditure. It covers a full discussion of the influence of government fiscal operations on the level of overall activity, employment, prices and growth process of the economic system as a whole. According to Musgrave, the scope of public finance embraces the following three functions of the government’s budgetary policy confined to the fiscal department: The Allocation Branch. The Distribution Branch, and. The Stabilisation Branch.

9. These refer to three objectives of budget policy, the use of fiscal instruments: To secure adjustments in the allocation of resources. To secure adjustments in the distribution of income and wealth, and. To secure economic stabilization. Thus, the function of the allocation branch of the finance department is to determine what adjustments in allocation are needed, who shall bear the cost, what revenue and expenditure policies to be formulated to fulfill the desired objectives.

10. The function of the distribution branch is to determine what steps are needed to bring about the desired or equitable state of distribution in the economy and the stabilization branch shall confine itself to the decisions as to what should be done to secure price stability and to maintain full employment level. Further, modern public finance has two aspects: The positive aspect, and. Normative aspect.

11. In its positive aspect:  The study of Government finance is concerned with what are sources of public revenue, items of public expenditure, constituents of the budget, and formal as well as effective incidence of the fiscal operations. In its normative aspect:  Norms or standards of the government’s financial operations are laid down, investigated, and appraised. The basic norm of modern finance is general economic welfare. On normative consideration, public finance becomes a skillful art, whereas, in its positive aspect, it remains a fiscal science.

12. The main scope of public finance may be summarised as under : Revenue. Expenditure. Debt. Financial Administration, and. Economic Stabilisation .

13. Public Revenue: Public revenue concentrates on the methods of raising public revenue, the principles of taxation and its problems. In other words, all kinds of income from taxes and receipts from the public deposit are included in public revenue. It also includes the methods of raising funds. It further studies the classification of various resources of public revenue into taxes, fees, and assessment etc. Public Expenditure : In this part of Government finance, we study the principles and problems relating to the expenditure of public funds. This part studies the fundamental principles that govern the flow of Government funds into various streams.

14. Public Debt: In this section of public-finance, we study the problem of raising loans. The public authority or any Government can raise income through loans to meet the shortfall in its traditional income. The loan raised by the government in a particular year is the part of receipts of the public authority. Financial Administration: Now comes the problem of organization and administration of the financial mechanism of the Government. In other words, under financial or fiscal administration, we are concerned with the Government machinery which is responsible for performing various functions of the state. Economic Stabilization : Now, a day’s economic stabilization and growth are the two aspects of the Government economic policy which got a significant place in the discussion on public finance theory. This part describes the various economic policies and other measures of the government to bring about economic stability in the country.

15. Divisions of Public Finance Public-finance is broadly divided into four branches. These are Public Expenditure, Public Revenue, Public Debt, and Financial Administration. Under Public Expenditure, we study the various principles, effects, and problems of expenditure made by the public authorities.    Ensure That Business Finance Are Kept Under the branch of Public Revenue, we study the various ways of raising revenues by the public bodies. We also study the principles and effects of taxation and how the burden of taxation is distributed among the various classes in society. Public Debt is the study of the various principles and methods of raising debts and their economic effects. It also deals with the methods of repayment and management of public debt. The branch of Financial Administration deals with the methods of budget preparation, various types of budgets, war finance, development finance, etc.

16. Need for Public Finance We all know that the existence of a large and growing public sector is a reason enough to study public-finance. Adam Smith in his monumental work. The Wealth of Nations laid out the basic jobs of the government. The government is to play an important role in providing for the defense of the nation, the administration of justice, and in the provision of those goods and services not wholly to be the result of the ordinary private activity. Adam Smith also had an acute awareness of the problems that would be associated with raising the funds needed to finance these obligations. His four maxims of taxation remain today a guide in designing a nation’s revenue structure. The four maxims focus attention on matters of economic efficiency as well as equity.

17. Conclusion: So, The word public refers to general people and the word finance means resources. So public finance means resources of the masses, how they are collected and utilized. Thus, Public Finance is the branch of economics that studies the taxing and spending activities of government. The discipline of public-finance describes and analyses government services, subsidies and welfare payments, and the methods by which the expenditures to these ends are covered through taxation, borrowing, foreign aid and the creation of money. From the above discussion, we can say that the subject-matter of public finance is not static, but dynamic which is continuously widening with the change in the concept of state and functions of the state. As the economic and social responsibilities of the state are increasing day by day, the methods and techniques of raising public income, public expenditure and public borrowings are also changing. In view of the changed circumstances, it has given more responsibilities in the social and economic field.

18. References H. L. Bhatia, Public Finance, 29th Edition, Vikas Publishing House, 2018. Jogider Singh & Lekhi R.K., Public Finance, Kalyani Publishers , Ist edition-2010, rev. edition, 2016 R2.GauravDatt, Ashwani Mahajan , Dutt & Sundaram’s Indian Economy, S. Chand,72nd edition, 2018