Public policy beyond the nation state: Public Policy

Public policy beyond the nation-state refers to the development and implementation of policies that transcend national borders and involve cooperation and coordination among multiple countries or international actors. This approach recognizes that many contemporary challenges, such as climate change, migration, terrorism, and global health pandemics, cannot be effectively addressed by individual nations acting alone. Here are some key aspects of public policy beyond the nation-state:

Multilateralism: Multilateralism involves cooperation among multiple countries through international organizations, treaties, and agreements to address common challenges. Examples include the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and regional bodies like the European Union and the African Union. Multilateral approaches allow countries to pool resources, share expertise, and negotiate.

1. Welcome to our Presentation e

2. Public Policy beyond the Nation-state Course Code: 0314 16 Soc 5107 Course Title: Public Policy Formulation and Analysis Presented By (Group F) Marazana Houqe Mitu (241606) Srabonty Sadhu (241614) Ashik Mondal (241622) Rafid Rahman (241631)

3. Introduction Public policy beyond the nation-state refers to the idea that some policy issues and challenges extend beyond the borders of individual countries and require coordinated efforts on a global scale. In an increasingly interconnected world, where problems like climate change, transnational crime, and global health crises transcend national boundaries, addressing these issues effectively often requires collaboration and cooperation among multiple nations.

4. I nterconnectedness of the world Global Trade Networks Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Financial Markets Migration and Cultural Exchange Climate Change Trade and Economics International Organizations Cybersecurity Global Health Transnational Crime and Terrorism

5. Globalization and Public Policy Globalization puts pressure on nations to reduce tariffs, subsidies and other barriers to free trade. This promotes economic growth, creates jobs, makes companies more competitive and lowers prices for consumers. Spurring economic development. At its core, globalization encompasses a vast web of economic, cultural, social, and political connections and processes that regularly surpass national borders. This phenomenon necessitates the examination of public policy from perspectives that span both national and transnational domains. Furthermore, globalization exerts its influence on both developed and developing countries alike

6. Example of Public Policy beyond the Nation-state Climate change poses a significant threat to the planet, impacting ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies. The key challenges include rising global temperatures, sea level rise, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems Temperature Increase Sea Level Rise Extreme Weather Events Biodiversity Loss International Agreements Kyoto Protocol (1997) Paris Agreement (2015) Climate Diplomacy

7. Global Health Governance Public health transcends national borders, as diseases can spread rapidly in our interconnected world. Global health focuses on addressing health issues that affect populations worldwide and requires collaborative efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to health threats. Examples of International Responses to Pandemics: COVID-19 (2019-present) Ebola Outbreak (2014-2016) HIV/AIDS Pandemic (ongoing)

8. Role of Global Health Organizations World Health Organization (WHO) UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund The Global Fund Coalitions and Partnerships

9. International Trade and Economic Policies The modern world is characterized by a high degree of economic interdependence, where nations are interconnected through international trade, finance, and investment. This interconnectedness implies that economic events in one country can have widespread repercussions globally. Economic Growth Job Creation Foreign Exchange Technology Transfer

10. Financial Institutions International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank WTO (World Trade Organization) T he role of institutions like the IMF in influencing economic policies: Crisis Intervention Policy Advice Surveillance

11. Human Rights and International Norms International Human Rights Treaties: S uch as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), in codifying human rights principles. International Organizations and Human Rights Bodies: T he role of international organizations, particularly the United Nations (UN), in promoting and monitoring human rights.

12. Migration and Refugees International Cooperation: Bilateral and multilateral agreements Humanitarian Assistance: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Border Security and Management Terrorism and Transnational Crime international agreements United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) International Maritime Organization (IMO) Conventions INTERPOL General Assembly Resolutions Bilateral and Regional Agreements

13. Global Social Policy Global social policy refers to the set of principles, strategies, and actions developed and implemented on an international scale to address social challenges and promote well-being across nations. It encompasses a range of issues, including poverty, education, healthcare, human rights, and social justice. Examples of Global Social Policies: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Adopted by the United Nations, the UDHR serves as a foundational document guiding global efforts to protect and promote human rights universally. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The SDGs outline a comprehensive set of global targets to address poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, and environmental sustainability by 2030. International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions: The ILO establishes international labor standards through conventions addressing issues such as workers' rights, child labor, and workplace safety

14. The Impact of Globalization on Welfare States Normative Impact International Discourse: Globalization involves discussions and shared beliefs on how societies should function on a global scale. This influences social policies by promoting certain norms and values. For example, international agreements may advocate for human rights, gender equality, and environmental sustainability as integral components of social policy. Practical Impact Constraints on Social Policy: Globalization can limit a country's ability to shape its own social policies due to international pressures or agreements. For instance, a nation may face restrictions on certain social policies to align with international standards, impacting its autonomy in decision-making. Reduced Fiscal Capacity: As countries engage in global trade, they might face challenges in financing social policies domestically. This could happen when resources that could be allocated to social programs are instead directed towards addressing economic demands from the global market.

15. There are two primary scenarios in the context of globalization and policy choices: Convergence Thesis Race to the Bottom Thesis Three distinct streams can be identified Global social politics and policy prescriptions Global social regulation and provision Transnational policy innovation, learning and transfer

16. The Impact of Globalization on Welfare States Others Impact Economic Effects Policy Space and Sovereignty Migration Social and Cultural Impacts Technological Changes Global Challenges Policy Innovation

17. Opportunities: Addressing Global Challenges Sharing Best Practices Pooling Resources Human Rights and Values Economic Opportunities Innovation and Technology Transfer Challenges: Coordination and Cooperation Sovereignty Concerns Inequality and Power Dynamics Cultural and Contextual Differences Enforcement and Compliance

18. Conclusion In conclusion, navigating public policy beyond the nation-state requires a delicate balance between addressing global challenges and respecting national sovereignty. While challenges such as coordination, sovereignty concerns, and power imbalances persist, the opportunities for addressing common issues, sharing best practices, and fostering international cooperation are significant.

19. References Mishra, R. (2008). Beyond the nation state: social policy in an age of globalization.  Social Policy & Administration ,  32 (5), 481-500. Bender, T. (2015). Beyond the Nation-State.  Teaching American History in a Global Context , 38. Hay, C. (2018). Globalization and public policy. Mishra, R. (2012). Beyond the nation state: social policy in an age of globalization.  Social Policy & Administration ,  32 (5), 481-500. Hunter, D. J. (2003).  Public health policy  (pp. 1-30). Cambridge: Polity Press. Keating, M. (2021). Beyond the nation-state: Territory, solidarity and welfare in a multiscalar Europe.  Territory, Politics, Governance ,  9 (3), 331-345. Hartmann, S., Lindner, T., Müllner , J., & Puck, J. (2022). Beyond the nation-state: Anchoring supranational institutions in international business research.  Journal of International Business Studies ,  53 (6), 1282-1306.

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