punctuation

every one got it

1. Origin Mid-17th century : from medieval Latin  punctuateo , from the verb  punctuare  (see punctuate) .

2. Punctuation is used to create sense , clarity and stress in sentences . You use punctuation marks to structure and organize your writing .

3. Importance Important aspects Feature of writing Change tone of speaking An error

4. Example Take the sentence  A woman without her man is nothing . Now see the difference punctuation makes : A woman , without her man , is nothing . A woman : without her , man is nothing . See how punctuation has made the same sentence mean two exactly opposite things ? It ’ s very important to know all the punctuation marks , their meanings , and when to use them in order to produce a good piece of writing – and more importantly , to convey the correct message .  

5. Period or Full stop .

6. Definition The  marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into  sentences  and clauses and  phrases .

7. Periods/full stops are   Used for • in names (examples: J . F .  Kennedy, Robert E .  Lee) • abbreviations that need no explanation (example: e . g . , i . e . )  • Contraction (example: Dr . , Ltd . ) • Abbreviations end in lower case/small letters (example: Dec .  for December) Not used for  • Abbreviations in upper case/capital letters (examples: UNESCO, CNN) • Abbreviations of countries (examples: USA, UK) • Abbreviations of compass directions (examples: NW, SSE) • Metric abbreviations (examples: kg, cm)

8. Comma ,

9. A punctuation mark ( , ) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence or separating items in a list.

10. Use of , Words Muneeba , Awais , Qadeer , Uzma , Ali , Anas , Essa etc. Phrases The novel is available in print , on audio tape , and on video cassette. Clauses The lawyer argued that the weather was bad , that the car had bad brakes , and that the other driver was speeding.

11. ????????

12. Origin In   A History of Writing  (2003), Steven Roger Fischer notes that the question mark "first appeared around the eighth or ninth century in Latin manuscripts, but did not appear in English until 1587 with the publication of Sir Philip Sidney's  Arcadia ."

13. Question mark is a  punctuation mark that indicates an interrogative clause, or phrase in many languages. The question mark is not used for indirect questions.

14. Use of ? Use for What is your name ? Do you speak Italian ? You're Spanish, aren't you ? Not use for He asked me what my name was. She asked if I was Spanish. Ask them where they are going.

15. Question marks can sometimes appear within sentences " Why is she here ? " asked Henry.

16. The colon  ( : )

17. are used in sentences to introduce that something follows like a quotation, example or a list. A colon is used to explain or start an enumeration . Colons :

18. Uses There are two choices at this time : run away or fight. We knew who would win the game : the Eagles He wanted to see three cities in Italy : Rome, Florence and Venice Remember : Two can play at that game. She kept repeating : “I really want that car!”

19. Sami colon ;

20. Separates major element of sentence. between two closely related independent clauses

21. Uses The new material contains a  semicolon ; it has orders to call me if anybody gives it any trouble. I like your brother ; he's a good friend.

22. The exclamation point   !

23. A punctuation mark ! used to show a forceful way of speaking or a strong feeling+

24. Help ! Help ! That's unbelievable ! Get out ! Look out ! You can also use exclamation marks to mark a phrase as humorous, ironic or sarcastic. What a lovely day ! (when it obviously is not a lovely day) That was clever ! (when someone has done something stupid) EXAMPLES

25. Apostrophe ’

26. Use the  apostrophe  to show possession. To show possession with a singular noun, add an apostrophe plus the letter  s .

27. EXAMPLES It ' s  a nice day outside. (contraction) The cat is dirty.  Its  fur is matted. (possession) You ' re  not supposed to be here. (contraction) This is  your  book. (possession)

28. Hyphen & Dashes -

29. Hyphens ( - ) are used to connect two or more words (and numbers) into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. 

30. Example There are fewer Italian - American communities these days.  The family’s money - saving measures have been helping them to build their savings. She has stopped buying 2 - liter bottles and has started buying 0.5 - liter bottles, instead . Some married women use hyphens to combine their maiden name with their spouse’s name: I had a conversation with Mrs. Skinner - Kcrycek this morning.

31. Brackets & Parentheses ()

32. Use parentheses to enclose information that clarifies or is used as an aside.

33. EXAMPLES He finally answered ( after taking five minutes to think ) that he did not understand the question. The government's education report ( April 2005 ) shows that the level of literacy is rising in nearly all areas. I visited Kathmandu ( which was full of tourists ) on my way to the Himalayas for a trekking expedition.