Punctuation Marks, Sentences and Paragraph Writing

This set of slides is a compilation for IFS Syllabus at Amity University in Tashkent. My students use these through their class blog https://ifsamityenglish.blogspot.com/

1. Prepared by
Parveen Kumar
Department of International Foundation Studies
Amity University Tashkent
[email protected]
Programme: International Foundation Studies
Course Title: Intensive English Through Practice-I
Module V: Writing
•Punctuations
•Types of Sentence
•Writing Paragraphs with Unity,
Coherence, Focus and Flow
https://ifsamityenglish.blogspot.com/

2. Parveen Kumar | [email protected]

3. Punctuation
Your Speech in Writing with the
STYLE –TONE –WAY of
Speaking!

4. WHY PUNCTUATION ,”/.](‘?
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5. What is Punctuation?
•Punctuationisthesystemofsymbols(.,!-:etc)thatweuseto
separatesentencesandpartsofsentences,andtomaketheirmeaning
clear.Eachsymboliscalleda"punctuationmark".
•Punctuation makes your speech Meaningful.
•It gives a Proper Idea to the Reader about the intention and tone of
the text.
•Without Punctuations, English is WRONG!
•Punctuation makes us Good Speakers.
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6. •Period (Full Stop)
•Question Mark
•Exclamation Point/Mark
•Comma
•Semicolon
•Colon
•Dash
•Hyphen
•Brackets
•Apostrophe
•QuotationMarks
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Punctuation Marks in English Grammar

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Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,it
wastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonof
Darkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehad
nothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway—inshort,the
periodwassofarlikethepresentperiod,thatsomeofitsnoisiestauthoritiesinsistedonitsbeingreceived,
forgoodorforevil,inthesuperlativedegreeofcomparisononly.
~ A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens
Ifyoureplaceallcommasintheabovesentencewithafullstop,thenthewhole
atmosphereofthesentencechangesandthetextbecomesdifficultandmonotonous.

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9. Period or Full Stop
•Full stops are used to mark the end
of a sentence that is a complete
statement:
“My name’s Beth and I was 18 in July.”
“After leaving school, she went to work in an insurance
company.”
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A Sentence is the Expression of a Complete Thought!

10. Comma
•The most popular mark of punctuation, thecomma(,).
•In Greek, the kommawas a "piece cut off" from a line of verse--
what in English today we'd call aphraseor aclause.
•Since the 16th century,commahas referred to the mark thatsets
offwords, phrases, and clauses.
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11. When is a Comma used?
•The comma is mainly used
•To separate items in a series or list
•To separate phrases and clauses
•To separate question tags from the rest of the sentence
•To separate certain words likehowever, moreover, in addition
to, in short, in fact, of course, firstly, secondly, etc.
•To separate spoken part of the text from the unspoken part
•when words or phrases are used in direct address
•After the words like Yes, No, Oh, Ah, etc
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12. •Toshowthatadirectquestionhasbeenaskedwhetherindirect
speechenclosedwithininvertedcommasorasapartofa
passageofwriting.
•AStatementwhichasksaQuestionsshallattractan
InterrogationMark
Example:“WhatdoyouthinkIshouldwearfortheparty
tonight?”askedSheron.
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The Question Mark

13. •To exclaim over something-a dramatic confession, a warning, an
expression of anger, joy etc.
•It is used by writers to convey an emotion to the reader.
•An exclamatory mark is used after a strong imperative sentence
Example:Keep quiet!
after the words expressing anger, joy, surprise, sorrow, etc.
Example:What a victory!
Oh, that was a terrible accident!
What a wastage of money on these elections!
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The Exclamatory Mark!

14. Colon :
•A mark ofpunctuation( : ) used after a statement
(usually an independent clause) that introduces
aquotation, an explanation, anexample, or
aseries.
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15. Semicolon
•A mark ofpunctuation( ; ) used to connectindependent clauses and show a closer
relationship than aperioddoes. Use a semicolon when you want to form a bond between two
statements, typically when they are related to or contrast with one another.
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16. Using the Semicolon
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18. Difference between Semi-colon & Colon
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19. Dash
•A mark ofpunctuation(—), technically known as anen dash,
used to set off a word or phrase after anindependent clauseor
to set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence.
•Sometimes, however, you might wish to place special emphasis
on the component, but commas are too weak to serve this
purpose. If this is the case, you may wish to use dashes for
added emphasis.
“Linda Simpson, the president’s most trusted economic advisor, will resign her office during today’s
press conference.”
“Linda Simpson—the president’s most trusted economic advisor—will resign her office during today’s
press conference.”
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20. Hyphen
A short horizontal mark ofpunctuation( -) used between the parts of
acompoundword or name or between thesyllablesof a word when
divided at the end of a line.
“Hisout-of-tunebagpipes are giving me a headache.”
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21. Brackets/Parentheses/Braces
•These are used to set off material that is not very closely related to
the rest of the sentence. They usually give extra information.
•Example:The findings of the research (refer to Appendix 2) are
quite surprising.
•Katrina (a hurricane) had a devastating effect on thousands of
people.
Note:Generally, 'parentheses' refers to round brackets ( ) and 'brackets' to
square brackets [ ]. However, we are more and more used to hearing these
referred to simply as 'round brackets' or 'square brackets'. We shall also learn
about the difference between parentheses, brackets, and braces.
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22. The Slash or Oblique /
•Most often used to represent exclusive or inclusive or, division and
fractions, and as a date separator in writing.
•As a period sometimes in written poetry. The shift of lines is
conveyed by the use of slash, i.e. the sun came/spoke of light to
me/ the sun gave us fame/…
•It can also be used in a fraction, particularly involving large
numbers, e.g. 67/89.
•A Backslash \is used for programming/coding in computer
languages.
Parveen Kumar | [email protected]

23. For the Detailed Article Click: https://eklavyaparv.com/content/communication-skills/362-
punctuation-marks-in-english-grammar Parveen Kumar | [email protected]

24. Parveen Kumar | [email protected]
Module V: Writing
Types of Sentence
•English Alphabet has 26 Letters.
•Meaningful combination of letters makes
WORDS!
•Meaningful combination of words makes
SENTENCES!
A Sentence is the Expression of a
Complete Thought!

25. Parveen Kumar | [email protected]
Module V: Writing
Types of Sentence
Below are 8 Types of Sentences in English:
1.Simple Sentence
2.Complex Sentence
3.Compound Sentence
4.Interrogative Sentence
5.Imperative Sentence
6.Compound-Complex Sentence
7.Declarative Sentence
8.Exclamatory Sentence
https://englishgrammarplus.com/8-types-
of-sentences/For Notes on All Types

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Module V: Writing
Types of Sentence
There are four different kinds of sentences inEnglish grammarand they are as follows:
•Declarative or Assertive Sentence–A declarative or assertive sentence is a
sentence that is informative and ends with a period or afull stop.
Examples:
•I like fantasy novels.
•There is a white house around the corner.
•Imperative Sentence–An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a
command, an order, or a request.
Examples:
•Please pick up the notes when you come.
•Close the door.

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Module V: Writing
Types of Sentence
•Interrogative Sentence–An interrogative sentence is one that is used to
question something and it ends with aquestion mark.
Examples:
•What is the name of the movie you were watching?
•Can I come with you to the book fair?
•Exclamatory Sentence–An exclamatory sentence is one which is used to
express sudden and strong emotions, and it ends with anexclamation mark.
You can also useinterjectionsto form exclamatory sentences.
Examples:
•Wow, how good this is!
•That was a great match!

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Module V: Writing
Paragraph Writing
Paragraphs are medium-sized units of writing, longer thansentences, but
shorter than sections, chapters, or entire works. Because they connect the
“small” ideas of individual sentences to a “bigger” idea, paragraph structure
is essential to any writing fororganization, flow, and comprehension.
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/paragraph-structure/
Paragraphs follow a standard three-part structure with a beginning, middle,
and end.These parts are:
topic sentence
development and support
andconclusion.

29. Parveen Kumar | [email protected]
Module V: Writing
Paragraph Writing -Types of Paragraphs
Dependingonthekindofwritingyou’redoing,youmayneedtousedifferenttypesof
paragraphs.Here’sabriefexplanationofthecommonparagraphtypesmostwritingdeals
with.
•Expository:Commoninnonfictionandalltypesofessays,expositoryparagraphsrevolve
aroundexplaininganddiscussingasinglepointoridea.
•Persuasive:Justlikeexpositoryparagraphs,persuasiveparagraphsfocusondiscussinga
singlepoint;however,theysupportopinionsinsteadoffacts.
•Narrative:Whentellingastory,anarrativeparagraphexplainsanactionorevent.Each
newsentencefurthersorexpandsupontheactionbyprovidingnewinformation.
•Descriptive:Alsocommoninstorytelling,descriptiveparagraphsfocusondescribinga
singletopic,suchasapersonoranenvironment.Eachnewsentenceaddsanewdetail
aboutthattopic.

30. Parveen Kumar | [email protected]
Module V: Writing
Paragraph Writing
Do read these articles on Paragraph Writing Skills:
https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/paragraph-structure/
https://eklavyaparv.com/content/communication-skills/366-how-to-write-impressive-paragraphs

31. Parveen Kumar | [email protected]
Module V: Writing