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grammer

1. PUNCTUATION Ain Shams University Faculty of Al- Alsun Department of English SECOND Year Mainstream Term 2024/2025 Assistant Lecturer Reham Abdel Aziz

2. PUNCTUATION MARKS 1- Full stop (period). 2- Colon (:). 3- Semi-colon (;). 4- Comma (,). 5- Dash(—). 6- Quotation Marks(“). 7- Question mark (?). 8- Exclamation mark (!). 9- Round bracket ( ). 10- Square bracket [ ]. 11- Apostrophe (‘). 12. Slash (/).

3. Full stop (Period) . 1- To end the sentence. Ahmed eats his break fast. 2- Abbreviations. Dr. Ahmed lives here. 3- Indirect questions. He asked me about my jacket.

4. Colon ( : ) 1- Used for explanations and further details. I decided to go out tonight ; I fell bored. 2- Lists. To make a cake. We need : flour, sugar, eggs,oil , milk. 3- Subdivisions. C an introduce a subdivision of a subject in a title or heading . P ollution: Carbondioxide . 4-Indirect speech. Ahmed said: there are no exist for ghosts.

5. SEMI-COLON (;) 1- instead of full stops .( in cases where sentences are grammatically independent but the meaning is closely connected. ) S ome people like coffee ; Other like tea . 2- in lists . ( used to separate items in a list, particularly when these are grammatically complex .) You can play on condition that your room is clean; the garbage is out; your home work is done .

6. Comma(,) 1-before and after the basic sentence .( Not a basic parts of sentence ) He walked down the street, and then he turned the corner. 2- Commas between adjectives. A long, boring speech. 3-USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE OR PHRASE .( A comma tells readers that the introductory clause or phrase has come to a close and that the main part of the sentence is about to begin. ) When Evan was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the cord.

7. Dash(-) . are especially common in informal writing. 1- can be used in the same way as colons, semi-colons or brackets . We had a great time in Greece - the kids really loved it. 2- For the use of hyphens . as in hard-working or co-operative

8. quotation marks. 'inverted commas’ in British English . Quotation marks can be single ('. . .’) or double (". . .”). 1- Direct speech . ( when we quote direct speech ). The teacher said “ Stand up and answer the question”. 2- special use of words .( We often put quotation marks (usually single) round words which are used in special ways ). A textbook can be a ‘wall’ between the teacher and the class.

9. Thank you. Members. 1-روان احمد رضا (85). 2- عاصم رضا عبدالمنعم (118). 3- عبدالحميد مختار عبدالله (120). 4- عمر عادل ابراهيم (128).