Punishment chp 6 melitenberger book.pptx

Overview
In psychology, punishment is any consequence that, when paired with a behavior, decreases the likelihood of that behavior happening again. It is a key component of operant conditioning, which uses consequences to modify behavior. Punishment can be either positive (adding an undesirable stimulus) or negative (removing a desirable stimulus).
Types of punishment
Positive punishment: The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Example: A child gets a scolding (adding an aversive stimulus) for misbehaving, making them less likely to repeat the behavior.
Negative punishment: The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Example: A teenager loses their phone privileges (removing a desired stimulus) because they came home late.
Key aspects of punishment
Goal: To reduce or eliminate unwanted behaviors.
Effectiveness: Punishment must be consistent and timely to be effective. Ineffective punishments are either too weak or too severe.
Behavioral suppression: Some argue that punishment doesn't eliminate a behavior but merely suppresses it.
Examples of punishers:
Primary punishers: Naturally aversive stimuli like pain or intense light.
Secondary (conditioned) punishers: Stimuli that become aversive through learning, such as reprimands, failing grades, or disapproving looks

1. CHAPTER 6 Punishment Presented by aqssa Shahid Clinical Psychologist

2. Definition Punishment is a basic principle of behavior. Its definition has three basic components: The occurrence of a behavior is followed by an immediate consequence, and the behavior is less likely to occur in the future.

3. Example Response Otis touches a hot skillet and immediately he burns his hand (a painful stimulus). Outcome: Otis is less likely to grab a hot cast iron skillet in the future Response consequences

4. Positive and negative punishment Positive punishment is defined as follows adding unpleasant stimulus The occurrence of a behavior 2. is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, 3. and as a result, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future

5. example A child throws a toy at their sibling. As a consequence, the child is scolded loudly by their parent and has to apologize to their sibling. Behavior: Throwing a toy at sibling Consequence: Being scolded loudly and having to apologize Effect: Decreases the likelihood of the child throwing toys at their sibling in the future

6. Negative punishment Negative punishment is defined as follows a pleasant or desirable stimulus is removed The occurrence of a behavior is followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus, and as a result, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future.

7. Example A child is playing with a favorite toy, but they start throwing it. As a consequence, the toy is taken away by the parent. Throwing the toy Consequence: The toy is taken away . Effect: Decreases the likelihood of the child throwing toys in the future

8. Factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment Immediacy Contingency establishing operations Individual differences and magnitude

9. Immediacy A stimulus is more effective as a punisher when presented immediately after the behavior. Contingency A stimulus is more effective as a punisher when presented contingent on the behavior. Establishing operations Some antecedent events make a stimulus more effective as a punisher at a particular time Individual difference and magnitude Punishers vary from person to person. In general, a more intense aversive stimulus is a more effective punisher.

10. Problem with punishment number of problems or issues must be considered with the use of punishment, especially positive punishment involving the use of painful or other aversive stimuli. Punishment may produce elicited aggression or other emotional side effects. The use of punishment may result in escape or avoidance behaviors by the person whose behavior is being punished. The use of punishment may be negatively reinforcing for the person using punishment, and thus may result in the misuse or overuse of punishment. When punishment is used, its use is modeled, and observers or people whose behavior is punished may be more likely to use punishment themselves in the future

11. Emotional reaction to punishment Behavioral research with nonhuman subjects has demonstrated that aggressive behavior and other emotional responses may occur when painful stimuli are presented as punishers. Example A child is scolded by their parent for touching a forbidden object. The child becomes upset, starts crying, and says "You always yell at me! I hate it when you're mad at me!

12. Escape and avoidance Escape Escape refers to the behavior of removing oneself from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that is already present. Example : A child is being scolded by their parent and covers their ears to block out the sound of the parent's voice. Avoidance Avoidance refers to the behavior of preventing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place. Example : A child refuses to do their homework because they want to avoid getting a bad grade or being scolded by their parent.