Q1-Week 1-G10 Science Lesson Powerpoint presentation.

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1. PRE-TEST: MULTIPLE CHOICES Have you seen any of these features in our region?

2. What Is Plate Tectonics ? Is a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of plates that interact with various ways, thus producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes and other geologic features. - Earth’s lithosphere Two Layers: 1.Crust 2.Upper part of the mantle

3. TWO KINDS OF CRUST Thickest in a part where a relatively young mountains is present It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 Made of variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Thickness ranges from 5 to 50 Km.

4. What is Plate? -are rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit.

5. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using Triangulation Method.mp4 Answer: Earthquake What is the consequence of Plate Tectonic?

6. Figure 3. Map of the Philippines Lifted from: https://www.drivingdirectionsandmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/country-maps/rp-country-map.gif

7. Guide Questions: Where is the epicenter of the hypothetical earthquake? __________________ 2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording stations? ___________________________________________________

8. Activity No. 6: PROXIMITY POINT! Objective: Discuss the proximity of volcanoes and earthquake epicenters Procedure: 1. Study the map of earthquake epicenters and the location of volcanoes. 2. Using a ruler, measure the proximity of the earthquakes from any volcano found in the map. 3. Study the records of volcanic activity within 20 years Questions: How close is the earthquake epicenters to any volcano found in the map? Are all earthquakes possibly caused by volcanic activity? Based on the records, did any of the volcanoes present have activity in the past 20 years? Is there any possibility that earthquakes can happen without any volcanic activity?

9. Activity 7. MARK THE BOUNDARIES (Earthquake Epicenters and Active Volcanoes) Objective: Describe the distribution of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters.

10. Activity 8. STICK IT UP! Objective : Identify the longest and the highest mountain range in the world. Guide Questions: Q1. What mountain range is the longest? Q2. What mountain range is the highest? Q3. Does the longest and highest mountain range lie on the same location? Q4.What are the mountain ranges in the map? Q5.How many are the major mountain ranges in the world?

11. GUIDE CONCEPTS Mountain range- (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many mountains. Major Ranges Himalayas are one of the highest mountain ranges in the world, located in South Asia. The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world and boasts some of the highest peaks. Alps, a small segment of a discontinuous mountain chain that stretches from the Atlas Mountains of North Africa across southern Europe and Asia to beyond the Himalayas. Rocky Mountains , byname the Rockies, mountain range forming the cordilleran backbone of the great upland system that dominates the western North American continent. Ural Mountains , also called the Urals, Russian Uralskie Gory or Ural, mountain range forming a rugged spine in west-central Russia and the major part of the traditional physiographic boundary between Europe and Asia.

12. Activity 10. “MARK THE BOUNDARIES” (Major Mountain Belts) Objective: Describe the distribution of major mountain belts. Question: How will you relate the distribution of mountain ranges with the distribution of earthquake epicenters and active volcanoes?

13. What I Can Do as a student? Since the Philippines is in the Pacific Ring of Fire, we should always be ready and alert for we do not know when or where the disasters may occur. Plan a precautionary measure when volcanic eruption or earthquake occurs. Write in a sheet of paper and discuss it with your family/classmate so everybody in the will know it. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

14. Assessment 3 . Draw a volcano on one flap (left) and label the flap Volcanoes then write what you know about it on the back flap. Do the same on the other flap (right), but this time, on earthquakes and at the back, for mountain ranges. The inside portion should be labeled Both and include characteristics that both events share.

15. PERFORMANCE TASK: Make a 3D map of the mountain ranges and volcanoes in Region XII. Mark and label it. Materials: Map of Region XII, map of mountain ranges and volcanoes in Region XII, colored clay , hard board , labels .

16. COTABATO PROVINCE

17. SULTAN KUDARAT PROVINCE

18. SOUTH COTABATO PROVINCE

19. SARANGANI PROVINCE

20. Composition of Earths Interior The layers of Earth are: Crust - 5 to 70 km thick. Mantle - 2,900 km thick. Outer Core - 2,200 km thick. Inner Core - 1,230 to 1,530 km thick . ⇒  This is the internal structure of the Earth ⇒  The outside of the Earth is the  solid crust  - the crust is  very thin  with a maximum depth of around 50km ⇒  Under the crust we have the  mantle  - this is a  solid , even though parts of the upper mantle can flow very slowly ⇒  Under this we have the  outer core  (this is a liquid) and the inner core (which is solid) ⇒  There is no way for scientists to  directly observe  the  interior  of the Earth Even the deepest mines only go a  few kilometers  into the crust ⇒  How do scientists  know  that the interior of the earth has this structure? The answer is to do with ___________ WEEK 2

21. E arthquakes ⇒  An earthquake happens due to a  sudden movement  between the tectonic plates in the Earth's crust ⇒  This causes  seismic waves  which carry energy away from the earthquake Seismic Waves- The energy that radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves. ⇒  These seismic waves then  pass through  the Earth and they can be detected by seismometers in  different countries ⇒  The patterns of these waves gives us information about the  interior  of the Earth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za_22xo7ZQQ

22. Two main types of Seismic Waves 1. S urface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water.

23. 1.Love Wave Named after A.E.H Love- British Mathematician Faster than Rayleigh wave Moves the ground in a side to side horizontal motion. Like of a snake’s causing the ground to twist Cause the most damage to structures during earthquake. Propagation of Seismic Waves_ Love waves.mp4 Two types of Surface Waves 2. Rayleigh Wave Named after John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh ( Lord Rayleigh) Wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Moves the ground either up & down, or side to side.

24. Two main types of Seismic Waves 2. Body waves A seismic wave that travels through the Earth rather than across its surface

25. Types of body Waves ⇒  P waves are  longitudina  waves. They can pass through both  solids  and  liquids ⇒  P waves travel  faster  than S waves ⇒  S Waves are  transverse  waves (to remember this, remember the word 'transverse' contains the letter S) ⇒  S waves can only travel through  solids

26. P atterns of P and S Waves  Seismic waves travel in  curved paths . That is due to density changes in the Earth We can detect S Waves at any point on the Earth's surface where the S Wave is spread across i.e. the area  not  within the S wave shadow zone There are large parts of the Earth where  no S waves can be detected  - this is called the  S Wave shadow zone This is due to the fact that S waves  cannot pass through a liquid This told scientists that the Earth must contain a  liquid core Move backward and forward

27. P waves can be detected over large parts of the Earth except the P wave shadow zone Again, there are parts of the Earth where  P waves cannot be detected  - these are called  P wave shadow zones The P wave shadow zones are due to the fact that P waves travel  faster in solids  than liquids This means that the P waves  slow down  as they enter the  liquid outer core . This causes them to  refract  (i.e. change direction). They also refract when they  leave  the outer core. Once again this confirms that the  outer core  is a  liquid Sometimes  faint P waves  can be detected in the P wave shadow zone - this was used by scientisits to show that the Earth also contains a  solid inner core Sway from side to side in rolling motion P atterns of P and S Waves

28. Seismic waves as they travel through the Earth In 1909, Andrija Mohoroviciv Found out that the velocity of seismic waves changes and increases at a distance of 50km below the Earth’s surface. MOHOROVICIC Discontinuity (short term MOHO)- The boundary between crust and mantle. GUTENBURG Discontinuity- the boundary between mantle and core Named after Beno Gutenburg . He explained that the core composed of material different from that of the mantle causing the bending of P waves

29. Seismic waves as they travel through the Earth In 1936, Lehmann A Danish Seismologist,who predicted the innermost layer of the Earth He discovered a new region of seismic reflection within the core. So, the Earth has a core within a core (The outer core and the inner core)

30. WHAT’S IN US? Procedure: Compare and contrast the Primary (P) waves and Secondary (S) waves. Complete the Venn diagram below by writing their characteristics on their corresponding column and their similarities on the specified column.

31. ANSWER KEY Primary or P-Waves- The fastest kind of waves, thus arrive at the seismic stations first. C an travel through liquid and solids and gases, Secondary or S-Waves- Slower than the P-waves. O nly travel through solids. Both P and S waves travel into the Earth’s interior.

32. ACTIVITY

33. ANSWER KEY BODY WAVES SURFACE WAVES The energy that radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves. LOVE WAVES RAYLEIGH WAVES PRIMARY WAVES SECONDARY WAVES Move s ide to side in horizontal motion . up & down, or side to side. Move backward and forward Sway from side to side in rolling motion

34. Activity: SHAKE IT UP! Objective: Determine the relationship of volcanoes and earthquakes

35. Various Effects Of Plate Tectonics On Lithosphere

36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTuU1h2HQ_A

37. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different arrivals of seismic waves from first to last? S waves ... P waves .... Surface waves P waves ... S waves .... Surface waves P waves ... Surface waves .... S waves Surface waves …. P waves ... S waves 2. How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? 1 2 3 4

38. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3. Which set of waves are the P waves? a. A b. B c. C d. Both A and B 4. Which set of waves are the S waves? a. A b. B c. C d. Both A and B 5. The difference in arrival times between which pair of waves can be used to determine the distance to the epicenter? a. A and B b . B and C c . A and C d. None of the above

39. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 6. What is a volcano? A vent where hot water shoots toward the surface It is a fissure or vent, from which lava flows It is a hole where liquefaction once occur A hollow part of the earth 7. Which statement shows the difference between a volcano and a mountain? A volcano erupts while mountains do not. Mountains grow high while volcanoes do not. Volcanoes don’t erupt while mountains do. Volcanoes and mountains are the same. 8. Volcanoes were often found in what specific part of the world? a. Pacific b. Atlantic c. Arctic Region d. Antarctic Region

40. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

41. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT