QD principles and handwriting characteristics.pptx

Qd principles

1. Handwriting Examination

2. Forensic document examiners often deal with questions of document authenticity. To determine whether a document is genuine, an examiner may attempt to confirm who created the document, determine the timeframe in which it was created, identify the materials used in its preparation or uncover modifications to the original text. Documents can be examined for evidence of alterations, obliterations, erasures ,page substitutions, handwriting, signature etc.

3. Principles of handwriting examination  Forensic examination and comparison of handwriting, which includes hand printing and signatures, is based on three main principles : Given a sufficient amount of handwriting, no two skilled writers exhibit identical handwriting features; every person has a range of natural variation to his or her writing; no writer can exceed his or her skill level (i.e., it would not be possible for a marginally literate person who has only learned to produce very basic hand-printed letters to execute perfectly formed, highly skilled cursive writing).

4. Handwriting is a neuromuscular activity or style of writing of an individual using any instrument for being of communication of information and ideas to others for better understanding. Handwriting examination is an important aspect of forensic document examination due to the prevalent and integral role played by handwriting in everyday communication.

5. Everyone’s handwriting exhibits natural variations depending on several factors. The use of different types of writing instruments, (a pen, pencil, marker, or crayon), writing position and surface can affect our handwriting. Our mood, our age, and how hurried we are all contribute to the differences we notice in our own handwriting. Despite these minor variations in handwriting, each person has a unique handwriting style. The handwriting of every individual is unique. No two person can write exactly alike.

6. Handwriting of a person has a personality of its own which is different from that of any other individuals, even from his or her father, mother, brother or sister. The output, to start with, is the sum total of schooling, training, with experience environment and occupation in addition to mental, physical and emotional make up or same experience in life.

7. Natural variation in handwriting are subjective. The vary in nature and number with different individuals but the range of variation for a individual is more or less constant, with a range, with the same individual. Natural variations are due to the fact that our brain does not work like a computer. It gets distracted easily both by the external and internal distractions. Likewise, our fingers, hands and arms are not printing machines to recreate the same writing time and again.

8. The handwriting of a person shows some variation due to: 1.Fatigue 2. Illness 3. Age 4. Writing materials 5. Writing positions 6. Physical disturbance 7. Writing with the dormant hand 8. Emotional disturbance 9. Lack of concentration during writing process 10. Influence of drinks, drugs or both .

9. Handwriting characteristics Every person whose handwriting is developed and permanently formed had adopted certain more or less distinctive peculiarities in the formation of letters of which the person is generally unaware. The handwriting characteristics of a person is classified as Class characteristics Individual characteristics

10. Size of the letters : It’s very self-explanatory; this simply analyses the proportion of the handwriting. The relative size of letter and words became almost fixed with the passage of time with the writer. Slant of writing : The inclination of letters or their strokes with the actual or imaginary baseline is known as writing slant. Slant is a predominant angle of the downwardstroke . It looks at which way the letter tends to slant. The types of slants include right slant, left slant, and vertical slant. The most average slant is to the right.

11. Line quality : It is the thickness, strength, and flow of the letters. Some factors are if the letters are flowing, shaky, or very thick. A line written by an experienced writer are smooth, even, without tremors and written with speed. The starting finishing and embellishment strokes are natural and smooth. Connecting strokes are uniform and continuous except where the writer habitually lifts the pen to complete or modify the letter. The line quality can be poor if the writer is week and feeble or illiterate or semi-literate

12. S pacing : The amount of space put between letters, words, line or paragraph is called spacing.

13. Pen Pressure : It is the weight or pressure unconsciously applied to the writing instrument during the act of writing. Writing produced with a nib pen will clearly show the effect of applying different amount of pressure to the writing instrument as it passes along the paper. Writers can be categorized to have light, medium, or heavy pen pressure.

14. Tremor : This may be defined as the unusual departure of the line from its intended course, which may be natural or artificial. It is indicated by an involuntary and rhythmic movement of the pen from side to side resulting in irregular and shaky handwriting Natural tremors are developed due to old age or weakness of muscles. Artificial tremors are a proof of forgery and do not show uniformity that is some of the strokes are too strong and the others are too weak

15. Shape of handwriting