qip-ice-03-classification-of-engines.pdf

s

1. 2
Background

2. 3
Clas
sifications
1. Engine Cycle
‰
Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes
of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions of the crankshaft ‰
Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes
of the Piston movements over 1 revolution of the crankshaft

3. 4
‰
Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene
‰
Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas
‰
Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke
(converted to gaseous fuel outsid
e the engine in a gas producer)
‰
Using viscous fuels like diesel
‰
Using dual fuel
–
m
ethanol (suction stroke) + di
esel (comp. stroke) –
C
I Engine
–
g
asoline + alcohol (gasohol)
Classifications –
C
ontd.
2. Fuel Used

4. 5
Fuel Used -
a
t a Glance
‰
Gasoline
‰
Diesel
‰
Gas, Natural gas, Methane
‰
Liquid Petroleum Gas
‰
Alcohol, Methanol
‰
Hydrogen
‰
Dual Fuel

5. 6
Classifications –
C
ontd.
3. Method of Ignition
‰
Spark Ignition:
An SI engine starts the
combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. In early engine development, before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms of torch of torch holes were used
to
initiate combustion form an external flame. ‰
Compression Ignition:
The combustion
process in a CI engine starts when the
air-fuel
mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high compression
.

6. 7
Classifications –
C
ontd.
4. Position & Number of Cylinders
‰
Single Cylinder
‰
Inline Cylinders
‰
V Engine
‰
Opposed Cylinder Engine
‰
W Engine
‰
Opposed Piston Engine
‰
Radial Engine

7. 8
(a
)
(b
)
(
c
)
(d
)
(
e
)
(f
)
(g
)

8. 9
‰
Single cylinder:
Engine has one cylinder and
piston connected to the crankshaft. ‰
In-Line:
Cylinders are
positioned in a straight line, one behind
the other along the
length of the crankshaft. Number of cylinders may vary from 2 to 11 or even more. In- line four-cylinder engines are very common for
automobiles.
In-line engines are also referred to as straight such as straight six or straight eight.
Cylinder Arrangement

9. 10
‰
V Engine:
Two banks of cylinders at an angle
with each other along a single crankshaft. The angle between the banks of cylinders is usually within
60-90.
V engines have even numbers of
cylinders ranging from 2 to
20 or more. V6 and V8
are
the
common engines with six and eight
cylinders respectively.

10. 11
‰
Opposed Cylinder Engine:
Two banks
of
cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These
are mostly used in small aircraft
and some automobiles with an even number of cylinders from two to eight or more. These

engines
are also called flat engines such as flat
four.

11. 12
‰
W Engine:
Similar to that of V engine except
with
three
banks of cylinders on the same
crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been used in some racing cars.
‰
Opposed Piston
Engine:
Two pistons in each
cylinder with the combustion
chamber
located
centrally
between
the pistons. A single-
combustion process causes two power strokes at the same time, with each piston being pushed away from the center and
delivering power to a
separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder Engine output is either on two rotating crankshafts or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex mechanic linkage.

12. 13
‰
Radial Engine:
Engine with pistons positioned in
a circular plane around the central crankshaft. The connecting rods of
the
pistons are connected
to the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of cylinders on a radial engine always has
an odd
number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more. Many medium-and large- size propeller-driven
aircraft
use radial engines. For large aircraft, two or more banks of cylinders are mounted together,
one behind the
other on a single
crankshaft,
making
a powerful and
smooth engine.

13. 14
Cylinder Arrangement

14. 15

15. 16
Single Cylinder Engine
Single-cylinder engine giv
e
s one power
stroke per crank revolution
(360 CA) for
2 stroke, or every
two revolutions for 4 stroke.
The torque puls
e
s on the crank sha
ft are widely spaced, and engine
vibration and smoothness are significant problems.
Us
ed in small engine applications where engine size is more important
180 CA
0 CA (TC)
720 CA
(TC)
540 CA
360 CA
(TC)
180 CA
4-stroke 2-stroke

16. 17
Multi-cylinder Engines
Multi-cylinder engines spread
out the displacement
volume
amongst multiple smaller cylinder
s.

Increased frequency of power
strokes produces smoother torque characteristics. Most common cylinder arrang
ements are in-line 4 and V-6:
Engine balance (inertia forces a
ssociated with accelerating and
decelerating piston) better for
in-line versus V configuration.

17. 18
V-6 Engine
Air intake man
ifol
d
Inlet run
n
er

18. 19
Classifications –
C
ontd.
5. Valve Locations
‰
Valves in head (overhead valve),
also called
I-head engine
.
‰
Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head
engine. Some historic engines with valves in block had the intake valv
e on one side of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T-head engines. ‰
One valve in head (usually intake) and one in
block, also called F-head engine
.

19. 20
(a
)
(b
)
(c
)
(d
)

20. 21
Classifications –
C
ontd.
6. Air Intake process
‰
Naturally Aspirated: No intake air pressure
boost system. ‰
Supercharged: Intake air pressure
increased
with the compressor driven off the engine crankshaft. ‰
Turbocharged: Intake air pressure increased
with the turbine-compressor driven by the engine exhaust gases ‰
Crankcase Compressed: Two-stroke cycle
engine that uses the crankcase
as the intake
air
compressor.

21. 22
Ai
r
I
n
t
a
k
e
Af
t
e
r
c
o
o
l
e
r
Tu
r
b
i
n
e
Comp
r
e
s
s
or Ai
r
In
t
a
k
e
E
x
haust

22. 23
Wh
ere th
e tu
rb
och
a
rger i
s
l
o
cated
i
n
th
e car
Where the turbocharger is located in the car

23. 24
How a turbocharger is plumbed (including the
charge air cooler)

24. 25
Ro
ot
s
B
l
ow
e
r
Va
n
e
C
o
mp
r
e
s
s
o
r
Screw
C
o
m
p
ress
o
r
A
x
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
r
e
sso
r
R
a
d
i
al co
m
p
r
e
s
s
o
r

25. 26
Classifications –
C
ontd.
7. Method of Fuel supply for SI Engines
‰
Carbureted
‰
Multi
Point Fuel Injection -
O
ne or more
injectors at each cylinder intake. ‰
Throttle Body Fuel Injection -
I
njectors upstream
in intake manifold.

26. 27
Fu
e
l
Fl
oa
t
Ve
n
t
Flo
a
t
Ch
a
m
b
e
r
Th
r
o
t
t
l
e
F
u
el
disc
ha
r
g
e
no
zz
l
e
Fu
e
l
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
jet l
i
p,
h
C
hoke
Ai
r
In
l
e
t
Val
v
e
Fu
e
l
fr
om
sup
p
l
y
Carbureted
System

27. 28
Multi Point Fuel Injection
S
ystem
Throttle Body Injection
S
ystem

28. 29
Classifications –
C
ontd.
8. Combustion Chamber Design
‰
Open chamber (disc, wedge, hemispherical,
bowl-in-piston) ‰
Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary
chambers like swirl chamber, pre-chambers)

29. 30

30. 31
Classifications –
C
ontd.
9. Type of Cooling
‰
Air Cooled
‰
Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled
R
adi
at
or
C
y
l
inder
Pi
s
t
o
n

31. 32
‰
The cooling system in most cars
consists of the radiator and
water pump. Water circulates through passages
around
the
cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off.

32. 33
Classifications –
C
ontd.
10. Applications
‰
Car, buses, two-wheelers, trucks
‰
Locomotives
‰
Stationary
‰
Marine
‰
Light Aircraft
‰
Portable Power Systems
‰
Lawnmowers

33. 34

34. 35
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andand
Ang
l
in DL
Ang
l
in DL
,
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,
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2.2.
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,,
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,,
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,,
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an
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d
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,
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9.9.
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,

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