Quality of potable water

1. BUILDING SERVICES - I Submitted by : Aakanksha Puranik III Year V S em ‘A ’ Quality of potable water For: SOA , IPS Academy

2. POTABLE WATER Potable water is water that has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets established drinking water standards or is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants, and considered safe to drink or use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be that from treated municipal water systems, water that has been UV filtered, water distilled, or purified by reverse osmosis.

3. Non-potable water is generally all raw water that is untreated, such as that from lakes, rivers, ground water, springs and ground wells. Such water is not considered potable or safe to drink. Without proper water testing, a body of water carries unknown contaminants and is deemed to be non-potable. Although it may taste fine, drinking such water carries uncertain health risks.  NON-POTABLE WATER

4. WATER QUALITY Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. The vast majority of surface water on the planet is neither potable(fit for drinking) nor toxic. Approximately 25% of the world’s population has no access to potable water. No simple property can tell whether water is polluted or not. Industrial pollution is a major cause of water pollution. Also runoff from agricultural areas, urban storm water runoff and discharge of untreated sewage (especially in developing countries ).

5. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Industrial discharge of chemical wastes and byproducts Discharge of poorly-treated or untreated sewage Surface runoff containing pesticides or fertilizers Slash and burn farming practice, which is often an element within shifting cultivation agricultural systems Surface runoff containing spilled petroleum products Surface runoff from construction sites, farms, or paved and other impervious surfaces Discharge of contaminated and/or heated water used for industrial processes Acid rain caused by industrial discharge of sulfur dioxide (by burning high-sulfur fossil fuels) Eutrophication by runoff containing detergents or fertilizers

6. Underground storage tank leakage, leading to soil contamination, and hence aquifer contamination Inappropriate disposal of various solid wastes and, on a localized scale, littering Oil spills

7. POLLUTANTS

8. WATER CONTAMINTION Previously treated potable water can also become contaminated and no longer considered potable or drinkable water.  Water which is not safe to drink can carry diseases and heavy metals. People who consume this water will become ill, and there is a risk of death.

9. Contaminants that may be in untreated water include: microorganisms (viruses and bacteria) inorganic contaminants (salts and metals) pesticides and herbicides sediments organic chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use radioactive contaminants. Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as human uses (sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a heat sink)

10. WATER REGULATIONS The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates limits on the amount of certain contaminants in the water The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits contaminants in bottled water Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of these contaminants does not necessarily indicate that the water poses a health risk.

11. WATER TESTS Electrical conductivity Dissolved Oxygen(DO) pH Color of water Taste and odor ( geosmin , 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), etc) Turbidity Total suspended solids (TSS) Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria ( Escherichia coli ), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, Mercury (element),arsenic, etc.) Dissolved organics: Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Temperature Pesticides Heavy Metals Pharmaceuticals Hormone analogs

12. Temperature Determine types of organisms that can live in water Affects how much oxygen water can hold Warm water holds less oxygen Thermal Pollution (increased water temperature) decreasing oxygen supply killing fish juveniles which are vulnerable to small increases in temperature affecting ecosystem composition.

13. Dissolved Oxygen Measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water Measurement for outdoor bodies of water More DO generally relates to “healthier” water (oxygen necessary for most aquatic species to breath) Related to Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) how fast biological organisms use up oxygen in a body of water

14. pH Potential of Hydrogen – measures hydrogen concentration in water 7.0 is neutral on scale of 0 – 14 Can affect how chemicals dissolve in water Representative pH values Substance pH Hydrochloric Acid, 10M -1.0 Lead-acid battery 0.5 Gastric acid 1.5 – 2.0 Lemon juice 2.4 Cola 2.5 Vinegar 2.9 Orange or apple juice 3.5 Tomato Juice 4.0 Beer 4.5 Acid Rain <5.0 Coffee 5.0 Tea or healthy skin 5.5 Urine 6.0 Milk 6.5 Pure Water 7.0 Healthy human saliva 6.5 – 7.4 Blood 7.34 – 7.45 Seawater 7.7 – 8.3 Hand soap 9.0 – 10.0 Household ammonia 11.5 Bleach 12.5 Household lye 13.5

15. Nutrients Eutrophication , strictly speaking, means an increase in chemical nutrients (typically nitrogen and phosphorus) Resultant increase in primary productivity excessive plant growth and decay Further impacts, including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality and in fish and other animal populations.

16. Turbidity / Total Suspended Solids Amount of particulate matter in water Related to sediment, phytoplankton and nutrients in water Turbidity reflects matter visible to naked eye (measured with secchi disk) TSS collects dissolved material (filtered) measured as weight

17. Salinity Dissolved salt content in water Influences organisms that can live in that area Oceans are about 35 ppt or so Water salinity Fresh water Brackish water Saline water Brine < 0.05 % 0.05 - 3 % 3 - 5 % > 5 % < 500 ppm 500 - 30 000 ppm 30 000 - 50 000 ppm > 50 000 ppm

18. Heavy Metals Living organisms require trace amounts of some heavy metals, including iron , cobalt , copper , manganese , molybdenum , vanadium , strontium , and zinc excessive levels can be detrimental to the organism. Other heavy metals such as mercury , lead and cadmium are toxic metals they have no known vital or beneficial effect on organisms their accumulation over time in the bodies of mammals can cause serious illness

19. Micro-organisms E. coli (fecal coliform bacteria) can generally cause several intestinal and extra-intestinal infections Cryptosporidium is a protozoan pathogen and causes a diarrheal illness called cryptosporidiosis Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonises and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis . Symptoms of include diarrhea, malaise, excessive gas, etc Other stuff Pesticides - bactericides, fungicides herbicides, insecticides (DDT) Radioactive Materials A lot of this information pertains to soil testing as well.

20. Biotic vs. Abiotic Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. The six major abiotic factors are water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil and climate. Biotic means relating to, produced by, or caused by living organisms.

21. Biotic v/s Abiotic - list Salinity Dissolved Oxygen(DO) pH Color of water Turbidity Total suspended solids (TSS) Dissolved metals and salts Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Nutrients Dissolved metals Temperature Pesticides Heavy Metals Pharmaceuticals Hormone analogs Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria ( Escherichia coli ), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia Dissolved organics: Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Number of species

22. S TANDARDS In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions about how the water will be used. In the case of natural water bodies, they also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Different uses raise different concerns and therefore different standards are considered. Natural water bodies will vary in response to environmental conditions.

23. HUMAN CONSUMPTION Some people use water purification technology to remove contaminants from the municipal water supply they get in their homes, or from local pumps or bodies of water. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer and has no treatment will be of uncertain quality . Easy steps used by people at homes: Distillation Boiling Filters Domestic filters Use of Chemicals

24. Purification at home

25. IMPORTANT WATER ANALYSIS EQUIPMENTS Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC) A total organic carbon analyzer determines the amount of carbon in a water sample. There are two types of analyzers. One uses combustion and the other chemical oxidation. pH Analyzer Water pH testers and analyzers help analyze pH levels and detect faults in systems with electronic pH meters.

26. Water Desalination Equipment The parameters measured in Desalination instruments include Alkalinity, (COD), Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Water Hardness, Iron, Manganese, Turbidity in water etc. ORP Meters ORP meters measure the very small voltages generated when the measuring probe is placed in water in the presence of an oxidizing agent.

27. WATER PURIFICATION Water purification  is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications.

28. 1 Pre-treatment pH adjustment 2 Coagulation and flocculation 3 Sedimentation 4 Dissolved air flotation 5 Filtration Rapid sand filters Slow sand filters 6 Membrane filtration 7 Removal of ions and other dissolved substances 8 Disinfection PROCEDURE

29. Contaminant free The water is filtered of unhealthy toxins, including synthetic chemicals, toxic metals, bacteria and viruses, radioactive substances, and other treatment additives such as chlorine and fluoride Mineral rich The natural occurring minerals in the source water are not removed through purification processes, such as reverse osmosis and distillation. Alkaline pH The drinking water has an alkaline pH between 7.0 and 9.5, which means that the water contains a healthy level of alkaline minerals such as calcium and magnesium. Micro-clustered Water that is electrolyzed or "reduced" will have smaller groupings of water molecules. Drinking reduced water can improve cellular hydration and cell-water turnover (i.e., nutrients into the cells and toxins out) Anti-oxidant Water that is ionized has a negative oxidation reduction potential (-ORP) and thus acts to neutralize free radicals in the body and slows the oxidation (i.e., aging) process in the body. Good taste. If it doesn't taste good, you'll simply won't drink enough water to stay hydrated enough to optimize the health benefits BEST POTABLE WATER QUALITIES

30. http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.who.int http://www.waterbenefitshealth.com http://www.groundwatertnpwd.org.in SOURCES