Quantitative research design

experimental and non experimental quantitative research design

1. P RESENTATION ON QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Submitted to: Sanjay Gupta RN , RM (M.sc. {CHN}) Submitted by: Kiranbir kaur M.sc nursing 1 st year 01

2. Research designs Quantitative research design

3. INTRODUCTION A research design is the the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation, and analysis of data of study. It is a systemic plan of what to be done ,how it will be done ,and how data will be analyzed. It is a methodology for answering research questions or hypothesis that may arise.

4. DEFINITION It can be defined as a blue print to conduct a research study ,which involves the description of research approach ,study setting ,sampling size, sampling technique, tools and method of data collection and analysis to answer a specific research question or for testing research hypothesis.

5. DEFINITION The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed information in a research study. It is a plan of how, when and where data are to be collected and analyzed.

6. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN The approach-i)Quantitative ii)Qualitative Method of data analysis Population ,sample and sampling technique Tools and methods of data collection Time and place of data collection

7. Quantitative research design In this type ,data is collected in numerical form and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics .It is a process in which evidence is evaluated ,theories and hypothesis are tested and technical advances are made.

8. Example A descriptive study on the prevalence of hospital acquired infection among patients admitted in intensive care units. In this study ,the researcher deals with numerical data.

9. characteristics a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining quantifiable information about the world; presented in numerical form, and analysed through the use of statistics; used to describe and to test relationships; used to examine the cause-and-effect of relationships.

10. Advantages Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and analyze data. The relationship between an independent and dependent variable is studied in detail. This is advantageous because the researcher is more objective about the findings of the research. Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using statistics.

11. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of quantitative research is the context of the study or experiment is ignored. Quantitative research does not study things in a natural setting Discuss the meaning things have for different people as qualitative research does. Another disadvantage is that a large sample of the population must be studied. Time consuming

12. Types

13. types

14. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS Ran d om i z a ti o n Co n t r o l Manipulation Experimental Design

15. RANDOMIZATION The experimenter assigns subjects to a control or experimental condition on a random basis.It means that every subject has an equal chance of being assigned to an experiment group or control group of the research study.

16. METHOD OF RANDOMIZATION Lottery method Tossing a coin Random number table Computer

17. MANIPULATION Manipulation involves doing something to study participants .The experimenter manipulates the independent variable by administering a treatment to some subjects and withholding from others,or by administering some other treatment.

18. METHOD OF MANIPULATION Researcher gives intervention to experimental group and withholds it to the control group or administers some other treatment. E.g. Gentle m a ssage is effective as a pain relief measures for elderly nursing home residents.

19. C ONTROL A group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated.

20. CONTROL If age and gender are the matching variables of interest in a group study , a 75 year old male is recruited for the first group,the researcher would try to find another 75 year old male to be included in the second group.

21. True experimental study True experimental designs are designs where researchers have complete control over the extraneous variables and the observed effect in the research on the dependent variable occurs due to manipulation of the independent variables.

22. True experimental study A true experiment is a type of experimental design and is thought to be the most accurate type of experimental research. This is because a true experiment supports or refutes a hypothesis using statistical analysis. A true experiment is also thought to be the only experimental design that can establish cause and effect relationships.

23. Example of True Experimental Study Sneha, “Effectiveness of massage on the selected physiological variables of low birth weight infants”. In NICU of Bharati Hospital, Pune, 2010. 2/18/201 4 14 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

24. Types of true experimental design Post test only Pretest Post test control group design Solomon -4 group Factorial Randomised block Crossover Latin square

25. Types of true experimental design Pretest Post test control group design Post test only Solomon -4 group Latin square Crossover Randomised block Factorial

26. POST TEST ONLY In this,control and exdperimental group are selected randomly ,but neither are pretested or premeasured.Then,the treatment is done on the experimental group only.Then post test is conducted on both groups. R(E) x O2 R (C) - O2 This is useful when there is time limit for the researcher.

27. Example of Post Test only Control Group Design Vijayakumari G: A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program regarding nature and prevention of accidents among mothers of toddlers in selected areas of Raichur (2004). 2/18/201 4 17 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

28. PRE TEST POST TEST ONLY In this, the subjects are randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group.Each group is observed with pretest .One group receives the treatment while the other group doesn’t .Researcher than observes the group again (post test )to determine ,what effect the treatment had.

29. PRE TEST POST TEST ONLY > RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF SUBJECTS EXPERIMENTAL>PRE TEST>TREATMENT>POST TEST CONTROL GROUP>PRETEST >>>>>>>>>>>POST TEST

30. PRE TEST POST TEST ONLY Example : An experimental study to compare the effectiveness of hand acupuncture and moxibustin in decreasing pain and coldness in Korean women who had hysterectomy.

31. SOLOMON 4-GROUP DESIGN It is a complex design .It is combination of the pre-test ,post –test control group design . Subjects are randomly assigned to each one of the groups . One experimental group and one control group are pretested .Treatment is given to the experimental group only. Then all the four groups receive the post test.

32. SOLOMON 4-GROUP DESIGN TABLE : SUBJECT PRETEST TREATMENT POSTTEST EXPERIMENTAL 1 O1 X O2 CONTROL 1 O1 - O2 EXPERIMENTAL2 - X O2 CONTROL 2 - - O2

33. FACTORIAL DESIGN In this , researcher manipulates two or more independent variables simultaneously to observe their effects on the dependent variables . This is useful when there are more than two independent variables ,called factors to be tested.

34. FACTORIAL DESIGN Frequency of mouth care Protocols of the mouth care Chlorhexidine(A1) Saline (a2) 4 hourly (b1) A1b1 A2b1 6 hourly(b2) A1b2 A2b2 8 hourly(b3) A1b3 A2b3

35. RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN In this, random assignment to groups within different levels of a blocking variable that is not under experimental control( e.g. gender).In such a design , there are two factors (independent variables), but one factor is not experimentally manipulated-the second factor is a stratifying factor.

36. RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN TYPE OF ANTI HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS BLOCKS BLOCKS BLOCKS PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY HYPERTENSION (I) DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION(II) RENAL PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION(III) A A,I A,II A.III B B,I B,II B,III C C,I C,II C,III

37. CROSS OVER In this design , subjects are exposed to more than one treatment , where subjects are randomly assigned to different orders of treatment .It is also known as “repeat measures design”.

38. CROSSOVER DESIGN GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF MOUTH CARE GROUP I CHLORHEXIDINE (A1) SALINE(A2) GROUP II SALINE (A2) CHLORHEXIDINE(A1)

39. 2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS A quasi experimental design is one in which experimental and control (comparison) are present & randomization is not there. It involves manipulation of independent variables to observe the effect on dependent variables . 2/18/201 4 18 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

40. A researcher might choose a group of patients with diabetes on one hospital floor for the experimental group and a group of patients with diabetes on another floor for the comparison group. The experimental treatment would be administered to the experimental group; the comparison group would receive no treatment or some alternative treatment.

41. CHARACTERISTICS Manipulation of variables to observe the effects on the dependent. Lack of at least one characteristic of true experimental study. It is used where independent variable is not manipulated in complete controlled conditions.

42. Types Non randomized control group design Time series design

43. Non randomized control group design This design is identical to the pretest –posttest control group design, except there is no random assignment of subjects in experimental and control groups . In this design , experimental and control groups are selected without randomization and dependent variables are observed in experimental as well as control groups before intervention.

44. Schematic diagram Experimental group pretest treatment Post test Control group Pre test Post test

45. Examples e.g. A quasi experimental study the effectiveness of integrated care on quality of work in nursing homes .A non equivalent pretest post test control group design was used in this study .Data was collected by questionnaire .

46. 2.2 THE TIME SERIES DESIGN The time series design, a single group experiment comprises of series of observation in the before-time period to establish a baseline . This is useful when the experimenter wants to measure the effects of a treatment over along period of time. It is a single subject research ,in which the researcher carries out an experiment on an individual or on a small number of individuals 2/18/201 4 22 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

47. 2.2.1 Time series Design (single group) Before x Af t e r EXPERIMENT GROUP>>>>O1>>>O2>>>O3>>>>>>TREATMENT>>>>>>>>>>>O1>>>>O2>>>>O3 2/18/201 4 23 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

48. A researcher might assess the pain levels of a group of patients with low back pain. After 3 weeks of pain assessment, intervention will be introduced (O 1 O 2 O 3 x O 4 O 5 O 6 ). The results of this study would help the researcher to determine if a specific exercise is effective in reducing low back pain.

49. 3. PRE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this type of studies, only one characteristic is present of true experimental studies either manipulation, control or randomization.

50. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: 3.1 The one-shot case study or single case study In single case study, that studies at once, following a treatment or an agent presumed to cause change. Because the study design has a total absence of control; it is considered to be little value as an experiment X----------------O X= independent variables or stimulus 2/18/201 4 27 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

51. ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY Lalitha, Premila & Balu (2006) conducted a study on nursing personnel registered for a day workshop on life skill education at MTIHS, Pondicherry.

52. 3.2 ONE GROUP PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST DESIGN Here only one group is observed before and after the independent variable is introduced. Loss of the control group decreases the usefulness of the study but may be necessary in cases where it is not possible or feasible to have control groups 2/18/201 4 29 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

53. E.g. Sailaxmi Gandhi(2006) conducted a pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of stress management programme on the selected variables of nurses working in psychiatric wards at NIMHANS, Bangalore.

54. II- NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

55. Non experimental design The Non experimental research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both . In non experimental research, researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments.

56. NEED OF NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Nonexperimental designs can be used to conduct a study are as follows: The studies in which the independent variables cannot be maintained. The studies in which it is unethical to manipulate the independent variable, i.e. manipulation may cause physical or psychological harm to subjects. The studies or research situations where it is not practically possible to conduct experiments. Descriptive-type studies that do not require any experimental approaches.

57. 2/18/201 4 36 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

58. TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Prospective research design Retrospective research design

59. 1. Prospective research design: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com A design in which the researcher relates the present to the future is a prospective research design . Prospective studies start with a presumed cause & then go to presumed effects. In this research design , researcher observes phenomenon from cause to effect. Prospective designs are often longitudinal, but may also be cross sectional.

60. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com for example, a researcher conducting ‘a prospective correlational study on effect of maternal infection during pregnancy on foetal development & pregnancy outcome .’ In this study, the researcher starts by collecting data from pregnant women regarding any history of infection among women during their current pregnancies, next observes foetal development & pregnancy outcome, & finally analyses the relationship of maternal infection during pregnancy & foetal development & pregnancy outcome.

61. 2. Retrospective research design: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com A design in which the researcher studies the current phenomenon by seeking information from past is a retrospective research design. In this the researcher links the present phenomenon with the past events. In other words, the researcher has a backward approach to study a phenomenon, where he or she moves from effect to identify the cause.

62. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com For example, this design was used in ‘a retrospective correlational study on substance- abuse-related high-risk factors among traumatic head injury patients admitted in neurosurgery ICU of Geetanjali Medical College & Hospital, Udaipur’. In this study, the researcher first approached head injury patients, & then tried to identify the number of head injuries that occurred under the influence of substance abuse.

63. DEVE L OPMEN T AL RESEARCH DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

64. INTRODUCTION… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Developmental research design examines the phenomenon with reference to time. Developmental research designs are generally used as adjunct research designs with other research designs such as cross-sectional-descriptive, longitudinal- correlational research designs.

65. TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Cross-sectional design Longitudinal design

66. 1. Cross-sectional design: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Cross-sectional research design is one in which researcher collects data at particular point of time (one period of data collection). These studies are easier & more convenient to carry out. For example , a researcher is interested in assessing the awareness on swine flu among people of an area. Here the researcher interacts only once to collect awareness-related data from respondents.

67. 2. Longitudinal design: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Longitudinal research design is used to collect data over an extended time period (long-time study). Its value is in its ability to demonstrate change over a period of time. For example, a researcher in interested in the perception of nursing students towards nursing profession from the beginning of nursing programme to its end. In this example, it is appropriate to use the longitudinal research design to study this phenomenon. Longitudinal studies are generally classified into three types: Trend studies Panel studies Follow-up studies

68. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com I. Trend studies: These help to investigate a sample from a general population over a time with respect to some phenomenon. Trend studies permit researchers to examine pattern & rate of changes & to make prediction about future direction based on previously identified patterns & rates of changes.

69. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com II. Panel studies: A panel in research is referred to the sample of people involved in a study. In panel studies, same people are involved & over a period of time they become more informative on the phenomenon than the subjects in trends studies because the researcher can not only examine the patterns of change, & but also the reasons for change. The same selected people are contacted for two or more times to collect further data.

70. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com III. Follow-up studies: These are undertaken to determine the subsequent states of subject(s) with a specific condition or those who have received a specific intervention.

71. EPIDEMIO L OGICAL RESEARCH www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com D E SIGN

72. CONCEPT… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Epidemiology is the study to investigate the distribution & causes of the diseases in population. Therefore, epidemiological studies are generally conducted to investigate causes of different diseases in either prospective approaches (causes to effect) or retrospective designs. Prospective studies are known as cohort studies & retrospective studies are called case-control studies .

73. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Cohort studies: In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing presumed causes. For example, a researcher longitudinally observes the smokers for development of lung cancer. Case-control studies: In this design, causes of a disease are investigated after the occurrence of a disease. For example, a researcher investigates the history of smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.

74. D E SCRI P TIVE RESEARCH DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

75. INTRODUCTION… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe, & document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs, & sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory development.

76. MAIN FEATURES… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Descriptive designs are used to observe, document, & describe a phenomenon occurring in its natural setting without any manipulation or control. The descriptive studies are designed to gain more information about characteristics within a particular field in the real world. Descriptive studies provide an impression of a situation as it occurs in natural settings. Descriptive studies do not involve the manipulation of variables, & variables are studies as they exist in the real world.

77. Cou n t… www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Descriptive design may be used to develop theories, identify problems with current practices, justify current practices, make judgments, or determine other practices in similar situations. In descriptive studies, bias is prevented through operational definitions of variables, large sample size, random sampling techniques, valid & reliable research tools, & formal data collection methods. Descriptive designs include identification of phenomenon of interest, identifying the variables within the phenomenon, developing operational definitions of the variables, & describing the variables.

78. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Univariant descriptive design Exploratory design Comparative design

79. 1. Univariant descriptive design www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Univariant descriptive designs are undertaken to describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon. This design does not necessarily focus on the study of a single variable; there may be one or more variables involved in the study. For example , a researcher is interested in assessing the experiences of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, the researcher may describe the frequency of different symptoms experienced by the patients & the type of treatment they received during the course of disease, etc. There are multiple variables in this research study.

80. 2. Exploratory design: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Exploratory design is used to identify, explore, & describe the existing phenomenon & its related factors. In other words, it is not only a simple description or the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon, but its in-depth exploration & a study of its related factors to improve further understanding about a less-understood phenomenon. For example , an exploratory study to assess the multifactorial dimensions of falls & home safety measures for elderly people living in selected communities in the city Mehsana.

81. 3. Comparative design: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Comparative design involves comparing & contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of time. This design is used to compare two distinct groups on the basis of selected attributed such as knowledge level, perceptions, & attitudes; physical or psychological symptoms; & so on. For example, ‘A comparative study on health problems among rural & urban older people in district Mehsana, Gujarat.

82. ADVANTAGE OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Nonexperimental research designs tend to be closest to real-life situation. Nonexperimental research designs are most suitable for the nursing research studies.. Numerous human characteristics are inherently not subject to experimental manipulation (e.g. blood type, personality, health beliefs, medical diagnosis, etc.) There are many variable that could technically be manipulated, but manipulated is forbidden on ethical grounds.

83. DISADVANTAGES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com The major disadvantage of nonexperimental researches is that the results obtained & the relationship between the dependent & independent variable can never be absolutely clear & error-free. Nonexperimental studies are conducted for comparative purposes using nonrandomly selected groups, which may not be homogeneous & tend to be dissimilar in different traits or characteristics, which may affect the authenticity & generalizability of the study results.

84. References Sharma SK , Nursing research and statistics, Subodh K chauhan, elsevier publishers,2011 edition page no:93-123 Polit E Denise , Beck tatano Cheryl ;Nursing research, Wolters Kluwer 8 th edition page no: 248-282 Yadav K Manoj , Textbook of Nursing research and statistics ,Rajinder Kapoor, Lotus publishers 1 st edition page no: 125-173 www.google.com